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New Zealand white (NZW) mice 532 nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test
antibodies in low titer and have defective T lymphocytes,
defects in DNA repair, and B cells that are spontaneously
activated.
New Zealand white (NZW) mice
An inbred strain of white mice that, when mated with the
NZB strain (that develops autoimmunity), produces an
F 1 generation of NZB/NZW mice that represent animal
models of autoimmune disease and especially of a lupus
erythematosus (LE)-like condition.
Nezelof’s syndrome
Hypoplasia of the thymus leading to a failure of the
T lymphocyte compartment with no T cells and no T cell
function. By contrast, B lymphocyte function remains
intact. Thus, this syndrome is classified as a T lymphocyte
immunodeficiency.
NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T cells)
A transcription factor activated as a consequence of T cell
receptor signaling. It acts as a complex of the NFAT protein
with the dimer of Fos and Jun proteins called AP-1.
NFc (nephritic factor of classical pathway)
Binds to a neoantigen of the C4b2a complex and is associated
with low C4 and C3 concentrations. It is found in patients
with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN)
type I, acute post-infectious glomerulonephritis, systemic
lupus erythematosus (SLE), and chronic glomerulonephritis.
NFid3 nuclear factor KB
A transcription factor that facilitates immune system
gene expression.
N-formylmethionine
An amino acid that initiates all bacterial proteins but no
mammalian proteins other than those produced within
mitochondria. It alerts the innate immune system to infection
of the host. Neutrophils express specific receptors for
N-formylmethionine-containing peptides. These receptors
mediate neutrophil activation.
NF-κB
A group of heterodimeric transcription factors comprised of
two chains of 50 and 65 kDa. Activation follows engagement
of BCR, TCR, and multiple cytokine/growth factor
receptors. Under physiologic conditions, NFκB is found
in the cytosol, where it is bound to a chain termed I κB, an
inhibitor of NF-κB transcription. Engagement of the receptor
induces intracellular signaling that activates the IKK
kinase, which phosphorylates IκB, inducing its degradation.
Entrance of NF-κB into the nucleus and binding to κB
DNA binding motif induces new gene transcription.
NFt (C3bBb-P stabilizing factor)
An autoantibody to alternate pathway C3 convertase present
in patients with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
(MPGN) types 1 and 3. Ft activity in these patients is
inversely correlated with serum C3 concentrations.
NHEJ pathway
Refer to nonhomologous end joining pathway.
nick translation
A technique used to make a radioactive probe of a DNA
segment. Nick translation signifies the movement of a nick
(i.e., single-stranded break in the double-stranded helix)
along a duplex DNA molecule.
NIP (4-hydroxy,5-iodo,3-nitrophenylacetyl)
Used as a hapten in experimental immunology.
NIPC
Refer to interferon-producing cell.
nitric oxide (NO)
A biological molecule with multiple effects, including an
important role in intracellular signaling and functioning
in macrophages as a powerful microbicidal agent against
ingested microorganisms. Also acts as a neurotransmitter
and an agent that maintains hemodynamic stability. Its role in
human host defense has been controversial. Nitrite has been
generated in human macrophage cultures in response to tumor
necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and granulocyte–macrophage
colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), together with avirulent
mycobacterial strains. High levels of nitric oxide synthesis
have been shown in response to a select group of stimuli.
Interferes with the citric acid cycle and microbial enzymes
that contain iron or sulfur atoms. Inhibits virus replication.
nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS)
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) break down to form or
generate free radicals. Cells possess elaborate systems
to scavenge free radicals. When free radicals exceed the
capacity of these systems, however, cells die. Cell death
induced by free radicals has characteristics of both apoptosis
and necrosis. The most compelling observation that cell
death resulting from free radicals is related to the apoptotic
process is found at the level of the mitochondria. The
antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein inhibits cell death in response
to free radicals. The mechanisms involved are not fully
understood. Radical-induced cell death may involve the
mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Bcl-2 has been
observed to be located near the pore in the mitochondrial
membrane. Nitric oxide (NO) is produced by iNOS, eNOS,
and nNOS. It is a biological signaling molecule that elicits
numerous biochemical responses. Reports suggest that NO
may affect key proteins or signaling pathways involved in
apoptosis. Based on the rapidly expanding roles for signaling
through the generation of NO, NO may exert important
influences on apoptosis.
nitric oxide synthetase
An enzyme or family of enzymes that synthesizes the vasoactive
and microbicidal nitric oxide from l-arginine. The
activation of macrophages by microorganisms or cytokines
can induce a form of this enzyme.
Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test.
nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test
An assay that evaluates the hexose monophosphate shunt in
phagocytic cells. The soluble yellow NBT dye is taken up
by neutrophils and monocytes during phagocytosis. In normal
neutrophils, NBT is reduced by enzymes to insoluble,
dark blue formazan crystals within cells. Neutrophils from
patients with chronic granulomatous disease are unable to