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muramyl dipeptide (MDP) 516 myasthenia gravis (MG)
H
HO
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H
OH
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with measles–mumps–rubella virus vaccine before admission
to elementary school.
muramyl dipeptide (MDP)
N-Acetyl-muramyl-l-alanyl-d-isoglutamine; the active
compound responsible for the immunologic adjuvant properties
of complete Freund’s adjuvant. It is an extract of the
peptidoglycans of cell walls of mycobacteria in complete
Freund’s adjuvant that has the immunopotentiating property
of inducing delayed-type hypersensitivity and boosting antibody
responses. It induces fever and lyses blood platelets
and may produce a temporary leukopenia; however, purified
derivatives without adverse side effects have been prepared
for use as immunologic adjuvants and may prove useful for
use in human vaccines.
muromonab CD3 (injection)
A murine monoclonal antibody specific for CD3 antigen of
human T cells used as an immunosuppressant. For intravenous
administration only. It is biochemically purified IgG2a
immunoglobulin that counteracts allograft rejection, possibly
by blocking T cell function that plays a principal role in acute
allograft rejection. It interacts with and inhibits the functioning
of CD3 molecules in human T cell surface membranes
associated with antigen recognition structures of T cells
and is critical for signal transduction. It inhibits all known
Orthoclone
OKT®3
CH 2 OH
O
C
CH 3
H3C CH C NH CH C NH CH C NH2 CH 3
O
O
(CH 2 ) 2
COOH
N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine
H
NH
Muramyl dipeptide (MDP).
O
O
Antigen
recognition
structure
CD3 complex
Orthocone OKT®3 blocks T cell effect or function
involved in renal allograft rejection.
T cell
T cell functions and interacts with most peripheral T cells
in blood and body tissues. Following cessation of therapy, T
cell function returns to normal within approximately 1 week.
Within minutes following administration, the number of
circulating CD2 + , CD3 + , CD4 + , and CD8 + T cells decreases
precipitously. T cell activation leads to the release of numerous
cytokines and/or lymphokines believed to be responsible
for many of the acute clinical effects that follow muromonab
CD3 therapy. Antibodies have been detected. The mean time
of appearance of IgG antibodies is 20 days.
mutagen
A chemical, radiation or other agent that can induce a
mutation.
mutant
A mutation in a gene, protein, or cell.
mutation
A structural change in a gene that leads to a sudden and
stable alteration in the genotype of a cell, virus, or organism.
It is a heritable change in the genome of a cell, virus,
or organism apart from that induced through the incorporation
of “foreign” DNA. It represents an alteration in the
base sequence of DNA. Germ cell mutations may be inherited
by future generations, whereas somatic cell mutations
are inherited only by the progeny of cells produced through
mitotic division. A point mutation is an alteration in a single
base pair. Mutations in chromosomes may be expressed as
translocation, deletion, inversion, or duplication.
Nerve
Activation of
muscle
Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine
receptor
Myasthenia gravis (MG).
Nerve
IgG
Activation of
muscle inhibited
myasthenia gravis (MG)
An autoantibody-mediated autoimmune disease. Antibodies
specific for the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR)
of skeletal muscle react with the postsynaptic membranes
at neuromuscular junctions and diminish the number of
functional receptors. Patients develop muscular weakness
and some voluntary muscle fatigue. The severe muscle
weakness may interfere with breathing if respiratory
muscles are affected. Thus, MG is a receptor disease mediated
by antibodies. The nicotinic AChR is the autoantigen.
Contemporary research hopes to identify epitopes on the
autoantigens that interact with B and T cells in an autoimmune
response. AChR is a four-subunit transmembrane
protein. Most autoantibodies in humans are against the main
immunogenic regions (MIRs). Antibodies against the MIRs
cross link AChR molecules, leading to their internalization
and lysosomal degradation followed by a decreased number
of postsynaptic membrane AChRs. Humans with MG