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monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition disease (MIDD) 507 monogamous bivalency
Immunize mouse
with antigen
Monoclonal Antibodies
Drug Name Active Ingredient
Avastin Bevacizumab
Campath Alemtuzumab
Cea-Scan Arcitumomab
Erbitux Cetuximab
Hemabate Carboprost tromethamine
Herceptin Trastuzumab
Humira Adalimumab
Lucentis Ranibizumab
Mylotarg Gemtuzumab ozogamicin
Myoscint Imciromab pentetate
Prostascint Capromab pendetide
Raptiva Efalizumab
Remicade Infliximab
Reopro Abciximab
Rituxan Rituximab
Simulect Basiliximab
Soliris Eculizumab
Synagis Palivizumab
Tysabri Natalizumab
Vectibix Panitumumab
Select and culture immortalized
fused spleen/myeloma cells
producing desired antibody
Isolate antibody-producing
spleen cells
Purify antibody from
hybridoma culture medium
Mix spleen cells producing
desired antibody with
myeloma cells and fusing agent
Development of a hybridoma for monoclonal antibody production.
cervix, liver, and bladder, Kaposi’s sarcoma, and angiosarcoma.
Selected infections may also evoke monoclonal
immunoglobulin responses, e.g., viral hepatitis, tuberculosis,
and schistosomiasis. Other conditions that stimulate
this response include thalassemia, autoimmune hemolytic
anemia, autoimmune diseases such as scleroderma and
pemphigus vulgaris, and various other conditions.
monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition disease (MIDD)
A condition in which monotypic light or heavy chains are
deposited in tissues. The deposits may be fibrillar or nonfibrillar.
The AL type of amyloidosis, characterized by light
chains and amyloid P component, represents an example
of fibrillar deposits, whereas light chain or light and heavy
chain diseases represent nonfibrillar deposits. Patients may
develop azotemia, albuminuria, hypogammaglobulinemia,
cardiomyopathy, or nephropathy. Some may develop multiple
myeloma or another plasma cell neoplasm. Another
variety of MIDD is amyloid H, which is composed of V H,
D D, J H, and C H3 domains.
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monoclonal protein
A protein synthesized by a clone of identical cells derived
from a single cell.
monocyte
Mononuclear phagocytic blood cell derived from promonocytes
in the bone marrow. Following a relatively brief residence
in the blood, i.e., approximately one day, they migrate
into the tissues and serous cavities and are transformed into
macrophages. They are less mature than macrophages, as
suggested by fewer surface receptors, cytoplasmic organelles,
and enzymes than the latter. Monocytes are larger
than polymorphonuclear leukocytes, are actively phagocytic,
and constitute 2 to 10% of the total white blood cell
count in humans. Monocytes in the blood circulation have
diameters of 15 to 25 μm and a grayish-blue cytoplasm that
contains lysosomes with enzymes such as acid phosphatase,
arginase cachetepsin, collagenase, deoxyribonuclease,
lipase, glucosidase, and plasminogen activator. The cell
has a reniform nucleus with delicate lace-like chromatin.
Monocytes have surface receptors such as the Fc receptor
for immunoglobulin G (IgG) and a receptor for CR3. They
are actively phagocytic and play a significant role in antigen
processing. Monocyte numbers are elevated in both benign
and malignant conditions. Certain infections stimulate reactive
types of monocytosis such as in tuberculosis, brucellosis,
HIV-1 infection, and malaria.
monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1)
A prototypic chemokine of the β (CC) family first isolated
as a product of the immediate early gene, JE, induced by
PDGF. Cloning of the human homolog of JE reveals an
encoded protein identical to authentic chemokine MCP-1,
which is believed to be one of the most significant chemokines
in chronic inflammatory diseases controlled by
mononuclear leukocytes. Tissue sources include fibroblasts,
monocytes, macrophages, mouse spleen lymphocytes, and
endothelial cells, among others. Target cells include monocytes,
hematopoietic precursors, T lymphocytes, basophils,
eosinophils, mast cells, NK cells, and dendritic cells.
monocyte chemoattractant protein-2 (MCP-2)
Refer to MCP-2.
monocyte chemoattractant protein-3 (MCP-3)
Refer to MCP-3.
monocyte colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)
A cytokine that induces the production of monocytes from
bone marrow precursor cells. It is synthesized by T lymphocytes,
macrophages, endothelial cells, and stromal fibroblasts.
monocyte-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor
Refer to interleukin-8 (IL8).
monocyte–phagocytic system
A system of cells that provides nonspecific immunity and
is dependent on the activity of the monocyte–macrophage
lineage cells that are especially prominent in the spleen.
monogamous bivalency
The binding of a bivalent antibody molecule such as IgG
with two identical antigenic determinants or epitopes on
the same antigen molecule, in contrast to each Fab region
of the IgG molecule uniting with an identical antigenic
determinant on two separate antigen molecule. For this
monogamous binding to take place, the epitopes must be
positioned on the surface of the antigen molecule in such
a manner that the binding of one Fab region to an epitope
can position the remaining Fab of the IgG molecule
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