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aminophylline 37 amphiphysin autoantibodies
pigment that is not water soluble. Peroxidase catalyzes
the reaction. Because peroxidase is localized only at sites
where the PAP is bound via linking antibody and primary
antibody to antigen molecules, the antigen is identified by
the reddish-brown pigment.
aminophylline
Refer to theophylline.
AML
Abbreviation for acute myelogenous leukemia, also called
acute myeloid leukemia.
ammonium sulfate precipitation
The ammonium sulfate method is a means of measuring the
primary antigen-binding capacity of antisera and detects
both precipitating and nonprecipitating antibodies. It offers
an advantage over equilibrium dialysis in that large, nondializable
protein antigens may be used. This assay is based
on the principle that certain proteins are soluble in 50%
saturated ammonium sulfate, whereas antigen–antibody
complexes are not. Thus, complexes may be separated from
unbound antigen. Spontaneous precipitation will occur if a
precipitating type of antibody is used, until a point of antigen
excess at which complex aggregation no longer occurs
and soluble complexes are formed is reached. Upon the
addition of an equal volume of saturated ammonium sulfate
(SAS) solution, these complexes become insoluble, leaving
radiolabeled antigen in solution. SAS fractionation does not
significantly alter the stoichiometry of the antibody–antigen
reaction, and it inhibits the release or exchange of bound
antigen. Thus, radioactivity of this “induced” precipitate is
a measure of the antigen-binding capacity of the antisera as
opposed to a measure of the amount of antigen or antibody
spontaneously precipitated.
D. Bernard Amos.
Amos, D. Bernard
British immunologist trained by Peter A. Gorer, the
father of modern histocompatibility testing, in the United
Kingdom. He worked in the United States at Roswell Park
Memorial Institute, Buffalo, New York, and spent most of
his career as a professor of immunology and experimental
surgery at Duke University Medical Center in Durham,
North Carolina. A pioneer in human histocompatibility,
having organized a number of international workshops
throughout the world, he developed improved techniques
to demonstrate the existence of different human tissue
types. He also served as president of the American
Association of Immunologists and the American Society for
Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics.
Amphibian immune system.
amphibian immune system
Amphibians serve as crucial models for developmental
and comparative immunological analysis. The two species
used for investigation include the axolotl and Xenopus.
Hematopoietic precursors rapidly colonize thymus buds
in Xenopus. The spleen consists of red and white pulp.
The axolotl also has a spleen. Immunoglobulin M (IgM)synthesizing
cells are present in the digestive tract in
axolotl IgM; IgX- but no IgY-synthesizing cells are found
in the Xenopus digestive tract. Amphibian blood contains
both B- and T-like cells. Monoclonal antibodies specific
for different heavy and light chain immunoglobulin chain
isotypes can be identified in both Xenopus and axolotl.
A CD8 membrane glycoprotein has also been found in
Xenopus. Xenopus B and T cells respond to plant mitogens
in the same manner observed in mammalian T and B cells.
The axolotl has B lymphocytes that proliferate in response
to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Genes that encode the α and β
chains of axolotl TCR have been cloned. In Xenopus, IgM
and IgX have high molecular weights, and IgY low molecular
weight immunoglobulin classes have been identified.
The Xenopus major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
encodes both class Ia and class II molecules. This MHC
region also mediates rapid rejection of grafts. Thymectomy
in Xenopus may diminish or abolish allograft rejection.
amphipathic
An adjective describing a molecule with both hydrophobic
and hydrophilic regions.
amphiphysin autoantibodies
Autoantibodies against amphiphysin, one of two known
target autoantigens in stiff man syndrome (SMS), a central
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