Untitled - D Ank Unlimited

molecular hybridization probe 503 monoclonal antibody (mAb)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
H
G F E D C B A
Example of high resolution DRBI typing using sequence-specific primer
methodology. Far left column shows molecular weight ladder of known
base pairs for base pair sizing.
perfectly matched primer pair results in an amplification
product, whereas a mismatch at the 3′ end primer pair will
not provide an amplification product. A positive result, i.e.,
amplification, defines the specificity of the DNA sample.
The PCR amplification step provides the basis for identifying
polymorphism. The post amplification processing of the
sample consists only of a simple agarose gel electrophoresis
to detect the presence or absence of amplified product. DNA
amplified fragments are visualized by ethidium bromide
staining and exposure to UV light. A separate technique
detects amplified product by color fluorescence. The primer
pairs are selected in such a manner that each allele should
have a unique reactivity pattern with the panel of primer
pairs employed. Appropriate controls must be maintained.
Mollusks and arthropods.
molecular hybridization probe
A molecule of nucleic acid labeled with a radionuclide or
fluorochrome that can reveal the presence of complementary
nucleic acid through molecular hybridization such as in situ.
molecular mimicry
The sharing of antigenic determinants or epitopes between
cells of an immunocompetent host and a microorganism
may lead to pathologic sequelae if antibodies produced
against the microorganism combine with antigens of self
and lead to immunologic injury. Ankylosing spondylitis and
rheumatic fever are examples. Immunologic cross reactivity
between a viral antigen and a self antigen or between
a bacterial antigen such as streptococcal M protein and
human myocardial sarcolemmal membranes may lead to
tissue injury. Cross reactive epitopes involving molecular
mimicry may be sequential (common amino acid determinants
between host and pathogen) or conformational (cross
reactivity to chemical moieties such as glycans, phosphates,
or sulfates that reveal a specific tertiary configuration and
electrostatic potential). Rothbard epitopes, which are common
cognate T cell epitopes, may also induce cross reactive
T lymphocyte responses. Molecular mimicry may also be
observed in the idiotype network in which anti-Id antibodies
can generate a mirror image of the original antigen.
mollusks and arthropods
Mollusks and arthropods fail to manifest graft rejection even
though they possess significant humoral factors including what
may be the most primitive alternative complement pathway
components that may provide resistance to selected parasites.
Moloney test
Diphtheria toxoid is injected intradermally, and the skin
response is observed to determine whether the subject is
hypersensitive to diphtheria prophylactic substances.
monoclonal
Derived from a single clone.
monoclonal antibody (mAb)
Monoclonal antibodies are synthesized by a single clone of
B lymphocytes or plasma cells and have identical structure
and antigen specificity. The first to be observed were produced
by malignant plasma cells in patients with multiple
myeloma and associated gammopathies. The identical
copies of the antibody molecules produced contain only
one class of heavy chain and one type of light chain. Kohler
and Millstein in the mid-1970s developed B lymphocyte
hybridomas by fusing an antibody-producing B lymphocyte
with a mutant myeloma cell that was not secreting antibody.
The B lymphocyte product provided the specificity,
whereas the myeloma cell conferred immortality on the
hybridoma clone. Today monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are
produced in large quantities against a plethora of antigens
for use in diagnosis and sometimes treatment. mAbs are
homogeneous and widely employed in immunoassays,
single antigen identification in mixtures, delineation of
cell surface molecules, and assays of hormones and drugs
in serum, among other uses. Since the responses to some
immunogens are inadequate in mice, monoclonal antibodies
have also been generated using rabbit cells. Monoclonal
antibodies have been radioactively labeled and used to
detect tumor metastases, to differentiate subtypes of tumors
with monoclonal antibodies against membrane antigens or
intermediate filaments, to identify microbes in body fluids,
and for circulating hormone assays. mAbs may be used to
M