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mitogen 499 Mitsuda reaction
mitochondrial membrane (M2) as well as against another
protein in E2 preparations. They are present in 90 to 95%
of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC); however,
they are not believed to be pathogenic. MAs that do not
react with M2 are found in other conditions, such as M1
autoantibodies in syphilis, M3 autoantibodies in pseudolupus,
M5 autoantibodies in poorly defined collagen diseases,
M6 autoantibodies in iproniazid-induced hepatitis, M7
autoantibodies in cardiomyopathy and myocarditis, and M8
autoantibodies that serve as indicators of early PBC. The
titer of MAs in PBC correlates with disease progression;
a titer of 1 to 40 or greater suggests PBC in the absence
of symptoms and in the presence of a normal alkaline
phosphatase. Nuclear autoantibody (ANA) patterns in PBC
include (1) multiple nuclear dots ANA (MND–ANA) present
in 10 to 15% of PBC and mainly associated with sicca
syndrome; and (2) membrane-associated ANA (MANA)
present in 25 to 50% of PBC.
mitogen
A substance often derived from plants that nonspecifically
stimulates DNA synthesis and induces blast transformation
and cell division by mitosis. The mitogen-binding
sites on lymphocytes are distinct from the antigen-binding
sites of B cell receptors and T cell receptors. Lectins,
representing plant-derived mitogens or phytomitogens,
have been widely used in both experimental and clinical
immunology to evaluate T and B lymphocyte function
in vitro. Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) is principally a
human and mouse T cell mitogen, as is concanavalin A
(con A). By contrast, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces B
lymphocyte transformation in mice, but not in humans.
Staphylococcal protein A is the mitogen used to induce
human B lymphocyte transformation. Pokeweed mitogen
(PWM) transforms B cells of both humans and mice, as
well as their T cells.
mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade
Enzymes that become phosphorylated and activated when
cells are stimulated by various ligands, leading to new
gene expression by phosphorylating critical transcription
factors. The inactive form of the Ras protein initiates this
signal transduction cascade that includes sequential activation
of three serine/threonine kinases, including MAP
kinase, which phosphorylates and activates other enzymes
or transcription factors. When antigen binds to the T cell
receptor, MAP kinase pathway is one of the signal pathways
activated.
mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases
Kinases that become phosphorylated and activated following
cell stimulation by various ligands and induce new gene
expression by phosphorylating key transcription factors.
mitogenic factor
A substance that induces cell division and proliferation of
cells, such as phytohemagglutinin (PHA), which induces
proliferation of lymphocytes. Many substances may serve
as mitogenic factors.
mitotic spindle apparatus autoantibodies
Antibodies present in the sera of individuals with various
autoimmune diseases that include rheumatoid arthritis,
Sjögren’s syndrome, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, and localized
scleroderma, respiratory infection, dilated cardiomyopathy,
and melanoma. The clinical usefulness of autoantibodies to
the mitotic spindle apparatus protein is unknown.
Mitotic spindle apparatus autoantibodies.
Mitotic spindle apparatus autoantibodies.
Mitsuda reaction
A graduated response to an intracutaneous inoculation of
lepromin, a substance used in the lepromin test. A nodule
representing a subcutaneous granulomatous reaction to lepromin
occurs 2 to 4 weeks after inoculation and is maximal
at 4 weeks; it indicates granulomatous sensitization in a
leprosy patient. Although not a diagnostic test, it can distinguish
tuberculoid from lepromatous leprosy in that this
test is positive in tuberculoid leprosy and in normal adult
controls but negative in lepromatous leprosy patients.
IgG
Mixed agglutination.
RBC
Nucleated
cell
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