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ALVAC 36 aminoethylcarbazole (AEC)
ALVAC
An experimental AIDS vaccine developed for the first test
of a human vaccine in Africa. The vaccine has undergone
safety testing in the United States and France with no
serious side effects reported and is being used in Uganda,
where AIDS has killed nearly half a million people and left
one million children orphaned.
alveolar basement membrane autoantibodies
(ABM autoantibodies)
Antibodies present in the blood sera and as linear deposits
on the ABMs of patients with rapidly progressive
glomerulonephritis (RPGN) and pulmonary hemorrhage
(Goodpasture’s syndrome). The antibodies are also present
in the blood sera of patients with glomerular basement
membrane (GBM) nephritis. Not all patients with
GBM nephritis have pulmonary involvement. This may
be explained based on different reactivities with ABMs.
Linear immunoglobulin staining of ABMs in ABM
disease limited to the lungs is highly specific. Endothelial
cell injury, such as that induced by infection, is considered
significant in the pathogenesis of Goodpasture’s
hemorrhagic pneumonitis. Pulmonary hemorrhage has
been associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies
(ANCAs) that may sometimes be immunoglobulin M
(IgM) isotype-restricted. In the absence of GBM autoantibodies
and ANCA, intra-alveolar hemorrhage may be
associated with cardiolipin antibodies. Early diagnosis of
patients with these types of clinical conditions is critical,
as mortality rates exceed 75%.
Alveolar macrophages.
alveolar macrophage
A macrophage in the lung alveoli that may remove inhaled
particulate matter.
ALZ-50
A monoclonal antibody that serves as an early indicator of
Alzheimer’s disease by reacting with Alzheimer’s brain tissue,
specifically protein A-68.
Am allotypic marker
An allotypic antigenic determinant located on the heavy
chain of the immunoglobulin A (IgA) molecule in
humans. Of the two IgA subclasses, the IgA1 subclass
has no known allotypic determinant. The IgA2 subclass
has two allotypic determinants designated A2m(1) and
A2m(2), based on differences in a-2 heavy chain primary
structures. Allelic genes at the A2m locus encode these
allotypes that are expressed on the a-2 heavy chain constant
regions.
Am
IgA
Illustration of the location of Am marker specificities on the Fc region.
amboceptor (historical)
Paul Ehrlich (circa 1900) considered anti-sheep red blood
cell antibodies known as amboceptors to have one receptor
for sheep erythrocytes and another receptor for complement.
The term gained worldwide acceptance with the
popularity of complement fixation tests for syphilis, such
as the Wassermann reaction. The term is still used by some
when discussing complement fixation.
amebocytes
Mobile phagocytic cells that mediate defense by phagocytosis
in addition to digestive and excretion functions in
primitive organisms lacking circulatory systems.
amino acyl tRNA synthetases
Myositis-specific autoantibodies that include antibodies
against histidyl tRNA synthetase (HRS), first known as
Jo-1. They are found in 20% of patients with polymyositis
and dermatomyositis. Autoantibodies to analyl (PL-12),
threonyl (PL-7), glycyl (EJ), and isoleucyl (OJ) tRNA
synthetases have also been reported. These aminoacyl
synthetases bind their corresponding amino acids to the
tails of their respective tRNAs. Essentially all Jo-1-positive
sera possess antibodies that react with the amino terminal
(amino acids 1–44) of the protein, but most also have
antibodies against epitopes positioned further toward the
carboxyl end of the sequence. Anti-HRS antibodies are
principally immunoglobulin G 1 (IgG 1) and persist throughout
the course of the disease. Patients with autoantibodies
against tRNA synthetases have several clinical features in
common, including interstitial lung disease and pulmonary
fibrosis (50 to 100%), arthritis (60 to 100%), Raynaud’s
phenomenon (60 to 93%), fever, and “mechanic’s hands.” In
patients with antisynthetase syndrome, anti-Jo-1 antibodies
are most common in polymyositis, whereas autoantibodies
against other aminoacyl–tRNA synthetases are more often
found in dermatomyositis. Antibodies to HRS show a strong
association with HLA-DR3.
aminoethylcarbazole (AEC)
3-amino-9-ethyl carbazole is used in the ABC immunoperoxidase
technique to produce a visible reaction product
detectable by light microscopy when combined with hydrogen
peroxide. AEC is oxidized to produce a reddish-brown