Untitled - D Ank Unlimited

alternative pathway 35 alums
alternative pathway
Activation of complement not by antibody but through
the binding of complement protein C3b to the surface of a
pathogenic microorganism. This innate immune mechanism
amplifies complement activation through the classic
pathway.
alternative pathway C3 convertase
Alternate unstable C3bB complex that splits C3 into C3a
and C3b. Factor P, also known as properdin, stabilizes
C3bB to yield C3bBbP. C3 nephritic factor can also stabilize
C3bB.
alternative splicing
A process whereby the RNA splicing apparatus may handle
primary transcripts of a selected gene at splice acceptor
sites 3′ of different exons leading to mRNA populations
comprising different exon subsets; exons whose splice
acceptor sites are deleted from the mRNA, rendering
their corresponding amino acid sequences lacking in the
resulting protein. Thus, one gene can encode two or more
versions of the same protein.
C3b
C3
C3a
C3
Positive feedback
Cn
C3bBbP
C3b
C3a
+ B
Factor P or
C3 nephritic factor
C3b
C3bBb
C3bB
C3b
Factor B
– Activated complement component
– Enzymic action
Alternative pathway C3 convertase.
B
+ D
C3b
Ba
B
AP convertase
+ P
C3b
P
B
Stabilized
AP convertase
Feedback loop of alternative pathway.
Factor D
+ C3
C3b
P
C3b
n
C3a
alum granuloma
A tissue reaction in the form of a granuloma produced at
the local site of intramuscular or subcutaenous inoculation
of a protein antigen precipitated from solution by an aluminum
salt acting as adjuvant. Slow release of antigen from
the granuloma is considered to facilitate enhanced antibody
synthesis to the antigen.
alum-precipitated antigen
A soluble protein antigen such as a toxoid adsorbed to
aluminum salts during precipitation from solution. The aluminum
salt acts as an adjuvant that facilitates an immune
response to such antigens as diphtheria and tetanus toxoids.
Soluble protein antigen is combined with 1% potassium
aluminum sulfate, and sodium hydroxide is added until
floccules are produced.
alum-precipitated toxoid
Refer to alum-precipitated antigen.
aluminum adjuvant
Aluminum-containing substances that have a powerful
capacity to adsorb and precipitate protein antigens from
solution. The use of these preparations as immunogens
causes depot formation in the tissues at the site of inoculation,
from which the antigen is slowly released, thereby
facilitating greater antibody production than if the antigen
is dissipated and rapidly lost from the body. Substances
used extensively in the past for this purpose include aluminum
hydroxide gel, aluminum sulfate, and ammonium
alum, as well as potassium alum.
aluminum hydroxide gel
Aluminum hydroxide [Al(OH) 3] was widely used in the
past as an immunologic adjuvant by reacting antigen
with 2% hydrated AL(OH) 3 to adsorb and precipitate
the protein antigen from solution. See also aluminum
adjuvant.
alums
Aluminum salts employed to adsorb and precipitate protein
antigens from solution, followed by the use of the precipitated
antigen as an immunogen that forms a depot in animal
tissues. See also aluminum adjuvant.
B
+
A