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lupus inhibitor 461 lymphadenopathy
antinuclear and antihistone antibodies; about a third
develop clinical signs and symptoms of lupus such as
arthralgia, serositis, and fever. These cases do not usually
develop the renal and CNS lesions seen in classic
lupus. Nonacetylated metabolites accumulate in many
patients, who are described as slow acetylators. The
nonacetylated metabolites act as haptens by combining
with macromolecules. This may lead to an autoimmune
response due to metabolic abnormality.
lupus inhibitor
Refer to lupus anticoagulant.
lupus nephritis
Renal involvement in cases of systemic lupus erythematosus
(SLE) that can be classified into five histologic patterns
according to morphologic criteria developed by the World
Health Organization: (1) normal by light electron and
immunofluorescent microscopy (class I); (2) mesangial lupus
glomerulonephritis (class II); (3) focal proliferative glomerulonephritis
(class III); (4) diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis
(class IV); and (5) membranous glomerulonephritis
(class V). None of these patterns is specific for lupus.
lutheran Blood Group
Reactions with Anti- Phenotype
Phenotype lu a lu b Frequency
Lu (a+b–) + 0 0.15
Lu (a+b+) + + 7.5
Lu (a–b+) 0 + 92.35
Lu (a–b–) 0 0 Very rare
Lutheran blood group
Human erythrocyte epitopes recognized by alloantibodies
against Lu a and Lu b products. Antibodies developed against
Lutheran antigens during pregnancy may induce hemolytic
disease of the newborn.
Lw antibody
An antibody initially believed to be anti-Rh specific and
subsequently shown to be directed against a separate
red cell antigen closely linked to the Rh gene family. Its
inheritance is separate from that of the Rh group. Lw is the
designation given to recognize the research of Landsteiner
and Wiener on the rhesus system. The rare anti-Lw antibody
reacts with Rh + or Rh – erythrocytes and is nonreactive
with Rh null red cells.
Ly antigen
A murine lymphocyte alloantigen expressed to different
degrees on mouse T and B lymphocytes and thymocytes.
Also referred to as Lyt antigen.
Ly1 B cell
A murine B lymphocyte that expresses CD5 (Ly1) epitope
on its surface. This cell population is increased in inbred
strains of mice such as the New Zealand strain that are
susceptible to autoimmune diseases.
Ly6
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked murine cell
surface alloantigens found most often on T and B cells but
also on nonlymphoid tissues such as brain, kidney, and
heart. Monoclonal antibodies to these antigens indicate T
cell receptor (TCR) dependence.
Lyb
A murine B lymphocyte surface alloantigen.
Lyb-3 antigen
Mature murine B cells express a surface marker designated
Lyb-3. It is a single, membrane-bound, 68-kDa polypeptide.
On sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
(SDS-PAGE), it appears distinct from the SIg chains δ
and μ. It does not contain disulfide bridges. The gene coding
for Lyb-3 appears X-linked and recessive, and mutant
mice lacking Lyb-3 antigens are known. Lyb-3 is involved
in the cooperation of T and B cells in response to thymusdependent
antigens and seems to be manifested particularly
when the amount of antigen used for immunization is
suboptimal. The number of cells carrying Lyb-3 increases
with age.
Lyme disease
A condition named after the town of Lyme, Connecticut,
where an epidemic of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (Still’s
disease) was found to be due to Borrelia burgdorferi.
It is the most frequent zoonosis in the United States,
with concentration along the eastern coast. Insect vectors
include the deer tick (Ixodes dammini), white-footed
mouse tick (I. pacificus), wood tick (I. ricinus), and lone
star tick (Amblyomma americanum). Deer and field mice
are the hosts. In stage I, a rash termed erythema chronicum
migrans occurs. The rash begins as a single reddish
papule and plaque that expands to as much as 20 cm. This
is accompanied by induration at the periphery, with central
clearing that may persist for months to years. The vessels
contain IgM and C3 deposits. Stage II is the cardiovascular
stage that may be accompanied by pericarditis, myocarditis,
transient atrial ventricular block, and ventricular dysfunction.
Neurological symptoms also ensue and include Bell’s
palsy, meningoencephalitis, optic atrophy, and polyneuritis.
Stage III is characterized by migratory polyarthritis. The
diagnosis requires the demonstration of IgG antibodies
against the causative agent by western immunoblotting.
Lyme disease is treated with tetracycline, penicillin, and
erythromycin antibiotics.
lymph
The fluid that circulates in the lymphatic system vessels.
Its composition resembles that of tissue fluids, although
lymph contains less protein than plasma. Lymph in the mesentery
contains fat, and lymph draining the intestine and
liver often possesses more protein than does other lymph.
The principal cell type in lymph is the small lymphocyte,
with only rare large lymphocytes, monocytes, and macrophages.
Occasional red cells and eosinophils are present.
Coagulation factors are also present in lymph.
lymphadenitis
Lymph node inflammation often caused by microbial (bacterial
or viral) infection.
lymphadenoid goiter
Refer to Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.
lymphadenopathy
Lymph node enlargement due to any of several causes.
Lymphadenopathies are reactive processes in lymph
nodes arising from various exogenous and endogenous
stimulants. Possible etiologies include microorganisms,
autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiencies, foreign
bodies, tumors, and medical procedures. The term
lymphadenitis is reserved for lymph node enlargement
L