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long homologous repeat 459 LPS
Stimulus
TSH
TSH receptor
Thyroid cell
Anti-TSH-receptor
antibody
Stimulus
Third form of type II hypersensitivity in which long-acting thyroid
stimulator (LATS), an immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody specific for the
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor, leads to continuous stimulation
of thyroid parenchyma cells, leading to hyperthyroidism. The IgG
antibody mimics the action of TSH.
the thyroid. Most patients with Graves’ disease (hyperthyroidism)
produce LATS. This IgG autoantibody reacts
with the receptors on thyroid cells that respond to thyroidstimulating
hormone. Thus, the antibody–receptor interaction
produces the same biological consequence as hormone
interaction with the receptor. This represents a stimulatory
type of hypersensitivity and is classified in the Gell and
Coombs classification as a form of type II hypersensitivity.
long homologous repeat
Refer to consensus sequence of C3/C4-binding proteins.
long-lived lymphocyte
Small lymphocyte derived principally from the thymus that
survives for months to years without dividing, unlike shortlived
lymphocytes.
long-term nonprogressors (LTNPs)
Persons infected with HIV whose virus loads remain controlled
without the administration of antiretroviral drugs.
long terminal repeat (LTR)
In retroviruses, the repeated sequence at the 5′ and 3′ terminals
of the provirus. The 5′ LTR of HIV possesses an active
promoter that facilitates transcription and regulatory sites
that govern transcription following signals from host cells
or viral proteins. Sequences in the 3′ LTR govern cleavage
of the primary transcript and poly-a tail addition.
low dose tolerance
Antigen-specific immunosuppression induced by the
administration of antigen in a suboptimal dose. Low dose
tolerance is achieved easily in the neonatal period when
the lymphoid cells are not sufficiently mature to mount an
antibody or cell-mediated immune response. This renders
helper T lymphocytes tolerant, thereby inhibiting them from
signaling B lymphocytes to respond to immunogenic challenge.
Although no precise inducing dose of antigen can be
defined, usually in low dose tolerance 10 –8 mol antigen per
kg body weight is effective. Low dose tolerance is relatively
long lasting. Also called low zone tolerance.
low responder mice
Inbred mouse strains that produce poor immune responses
to selected antigens in comparison to responses by
other inbred mouse strains. This is associated with
the low responder’s lack of appropriate Ir genes. Low
responsiveness is governed by major histocompatibility
complex (MHC) class II genes.
low zone tolerance
Specific antigen-induced immunosuppression resulting
from the repeated administration of a minute dose
of immunogen over a long time. Refer to low dose
tolerance.
lower invertebrates
Coelenterates, including corals and jellyfish; platyhelminths
(flatworms), nematodes (roundworms), and nemertines
(ribbonworms).
LPAM-1
A combination of α4 and β7 integrin chains that mediate
the binding of lymphocytes to the high endothelial
venules of Peyer’s patches in mice. The addressin for
LPAM-1 is MadCAM-1.
L-phenylalanine mustard
A nitrogen mustard employed for therapy of multiple
myeloma patients.
L-plastin (LPL)
A 65-kDa actin-bundling protein, also called fimbrin,
that is expressed in leukocytes, embryonic endoderm, and
transformed cells. LPL localizes to phagocytic cups, phagosomes,
and podosomes in phagocytes but its role is unclear.
It is believed to be important in the formation and stabilization
of F-actin filaments during phagocytosis.
LPR
Abbreviation for late-phase reaction.
Capsular polysaccharide
Lipopolysaccharide
(endotoxin)
Outer membrane
Peptidoglycan
Inner membrane
Cross-section of Gram-negative bacterial cell wall.
Bacterial cell
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
Flagella
antigen
LPS
Abbreviation for lipopolysaccharide. LPS may serve as an
endotoxin; is a constituent of Gram-negative bacterial cell
walls associated with endotoxin; and may lead to endotoxin
shock.
L