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Listeria monocytogenes 457 liver–kidney microsomal antibodies
in macrophages and also in hepatocytes of infected hosts.
Natural immunity in mice is controlled by the Lr1 locus
on chromosome II. Mice resistant to Listeria respond to
the inoculated microorganisms with large numbers of
inflammatory phagocytes. Neutrophils and mononuclear
phagocytes kill L. monocytogenes in vitro although resident
macrophages are less effective. Oxygen-dependent and
-independent bactericidal mechanisms facilitate destruction
of Listeria. Multiple cell types and mediators are involved
in resistance. T-cell-mediated immunity is significant but is
not the only factor in resistance to listeriosis. Neutrophils
are also significant to resistance. Other cells implicated
include granulocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, and cytotoxic
T cells. Infection with the microorganism is followed
by the expression of several cytokines that include IFN-γ,
IL1β, TNF-α, and GM-CSF, among others. The two cytokines
most critical for resistance to listeriosis are IFN-γ and
TNF-α. IFN-γ (Th1) is necessary for resistance but IL4
and IL10 (Th2) hinder resistance. Recombinant cytokines
that can increase resistance to L. monocytogenes infection
include IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL1β, and IL12. Experimental
animals injected with sublethal doses of viable Listeria
develop resistance to rechallenge for a few months followed
by decreased resistance. Killed microorganisms failed to
provide effective immunity.
Listeria monocytogenes
Specific immune responses can be mounted against intracellular
bacteria and fungi. Some bacteria reproduce inside cells
of a host. For example, mycobacteria and Listeria monocytogenes
are organisms of high pathogenicity that survive
in phagocytic cells such as macrophages where they resist
dissolution. Within macrophages, they are not exposed to
specific antibody. In addition to mycobacteria and Listeria
species, a number of fungi are also intracellular pathogens.
live attenuated measles (rubeola) virus vaccine
An immunizing preparation that contains live measles
virus strains. It is the preferred form except in patients with
lymphoma, leukemia, and other generalized malignancies;
radiation therapy; pregnancy; active tuberculosis; egg sensitivity;
prolonged drug treatment that suppresses the immune
response, such as corticosteroids or antimetabolites; or
administration of γ globulin, blood, or plasma. Immune
globulin should be administered to persons in these groups
immediately following exposure.
live attenuated vaccine
An immunizing preparation consisting of microorganisms
whose disease-producing capacity has been weakened
deliberately so that they may be used as immunizing
agents. Response to a live attenuated vaccine more closely
resembles a natural infection than does the immune
response stimulated by killed vaccines. The microorganisms
in live vaccines continue to divide, which increases
the dose of immunogen. Microorganisms in killed vaccines
do not reproduce and the amount of injected immunogen
remains unchanged. Thus, in general, the protective immunity
conferred by responses to live attenuated vaccines is
superior to that conferred by killed vaccines. Examples of
live attenuated vaccines include those that protect against
measles, mumps, polio, and rubella.
live attenuated viral vaccines
An immunizing preparation comprised of live viruses in
which the accumulation of mutations interferes with their
reproduction in human cells and their ability to cause
disease.
live measles and mumps virus vaccine
A standardized immunizing preparation containing attenuated
measles and mumps viruses.
live measles and rubella virus vaccine
A standardized immunizing preparation that contains
attenuated measles and rubella viruses.
live measles virus vaccine
A standardized attenuated virus immunizing preparation
used to protect against measles.
live oral poliovirus (Sabin) vaccine
An immunizing preparation prepared from three types
of live attenuated polioviruses. An advisory panel to the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommended
in 1999 that its routine use be discontinued. It contains a
weakened live virus linked to eight to ten cases of polio
each year. Now that the polio epidemic has been eliminated
in the United States, this risk is no longer acceptable.
live rubella virus vaccine
An attenuated virus immunizing preparation employed to
protect against rubella (German measles). All nonpregnant
susceptible women of childbearing age should receive this
vaccine to prevent fetal infection and congenital rubella
syndrome (possible fetal death, prematurity, impaired
hearing, cataracts, mental retardation, and other serious
consequences).
live vaccine
An immunogen for protective immunization that contains
an attenuated strain of the causative agent, an attenuated
strain of a related microorganism that cross protects against
the pathogen of interest, or the introduction of a disease
agent through an avenue other than its normal portal of
entry or in combination with an antiserum.
liver cytosol autoantibodies
Autoantibodies against liver cystolic antigen type I (LC1)
are present in 20% of patients who are liver–kidney
microsome 1 (LKM-1) autoantibody positive, in less than
1% of subjects infected with chronic hepatitis C virus, and
in some patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH).
Liver−kidney microsome 1 (LKM-1) autoantibodies.
liver–kidney microsomal antibodies
Antibodies present in a subset of antinuclear antibody
(ANA)-negative individuals who have autoimmune
chronic active hepatitis. By immunofluorescence, these
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