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light chain deficiencies 452 light scatter
Fas Is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily
and contains a cytoplasmic death domain (DD) required for Induction of
apoptosis. Fas ligand (FasL)-Induced receptor trimerization aggregates
the DD of Fas and recruites the adaptor protein FADD and procaspase 8.
Following activation of caspase 8, the DD-Induced complex can trigger
subsequent events of apoptosis.
Ligh polypeptide chains of immunoglobulins that are fastened to
heavy chains through disulfide bonds and are found in all classes of
immunoglobulin.
chains are designated κ and λ. An individual immunoglobulin
molecule possesses two light chains that are κ or λ, but
never a combination of both. The types of light polypeptide
chains occur in all five immunoglobulin classes. Each light
chain has an N terminal V region that constitutes part of the
antigen-binding site of the antibody molecule. The C region
or constant terminal reveals no variation except for the Km
and Oz allotype markers in humans.
light chain deficiencies
The ratio of κ to λ light chains may be altered in individuals
with immunodeficiencies. κ Chain deficiency has
been associated with respiratory infections, megaloblastic
anemia, and diarrhea. It has also been associated with
achlorhydria and pernicious anemia and has even been seen
in cases of malabsorption, diabetes, and cystic fibrosis. T
cell function in all these cases was within normal limits,
with only defective B cell immunity observed. Abnormal
κ and λ light-chain ratios are secondary findings in certain
diseases; they may also act as primary etiologic agents.
light chain disease
A paraproteinemia also known as Bence–Jones myeloma
that comprises one fifth of all myelomas. Excess monoclonal
light chains are produced. These are linked to renal
amyloidosis and renal failure as a consequence of blockage
of tubules by certain Bence–Jones proteins. Four fifths of
patients have monoclonal light chains in the blood circulation,
and 60% have diminished γ globulin and lytic lesions
of the bone. The λ type is usually more severe than the κ
type. Patients with light chain disease experience a worse
course than patients with IgA or IgG myelomas.
light chain subtype
The subdivision of a type of light polypeptide chain based
on its primary or antigenic structure that appears in all
members of a species. Subtype differences distinguish light
chains that share a common type. These relatively minor
structural differences are located in the light chain constant
region. Oz + , Oz – , Kern + , and Kern – markers represent subtypes
of λ light chains in humans.
light chain type
The classification of immunoglobulin light chains based
on their primary or antigenic structures. Two types of light
chain have been described and are designated κ and λ. Two κ
chains or two λ chains, never one of each, are present in each
monomeric immunoglobulin subunit of vertebrate species.
Forward scatter—diffracted light
Related to cell surface area
Incident
Light
Source
Right angle light detector
α cell complexity
Detected along axis of incident light in the forward direction
Side Scatter—reflected and refracted light
Related to cell granularity and complexity
Detected at 90° to the laser beam
Forward light detector
α cell surface area
Properties of forward scatter light and side scatter light are measured by
observing how light disperses when a laser hits a cell.
light scatter
Light dispersion in any direction that may be useful for
studying cells by flow cytometry. A cell passing through a
laser beam absorbs and scatters light. Fluorochrome staining
of cells permits absorbed light to be emitted as fluorescence.
Forward angle light scatter permits identification of a cell in
flow and determination of its size. If higher angle light scatter
is added, certain specific cell populations may also be identified.
Light scatter measured at 90° to the laser beam and