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LAMP 1 and LAMP 2 439 Landsteiner, Karl (1868–1943) Karl Landsteiner in his laboratory. LAMP 1 and LAMP 2 Lysosome-associated membrane proteins that are complex molecular structures involved in maintaining lysosomal membrane integrity in cytotoxic lymphocytes and in platelets. LAMP 1 is designated CD107a; LAMP 2 is designated CD107b. Lancefield precipitation test A ring precipitation test developed by Rebecca Lancefield to classify streptococci according to their group-specific polysaccharides. The polysaccharide antigen is derived by treatment of cultures of the microorganisms with HCl, formimide, or a Streptomyces albus enzyme. Antiserum is first placed into a serological tube, followed by layering the polysaccharide antigen over it. A positive reaction is indicated by precipitation at the interface. Landsteiner, Karl (1868–1943) Discoverer of the ABO and other blood group systems including MN and the Rh factor. Landsteiner developed Title page of Karl Landsteiner’s article describing the human blood groups. L
Landsteiner’s rule (historical) 440 Langerhans cells artificial haptens to investigate antibody specificity and received the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology in 1930 for discovery of the human blood groups. He was born in Vienna in 1868. He attended the University of Vienna and graduated in 1891 as a medical doctor. He maintained a strong interest in chemistry and took special instruction under Emil Fischer and Eugen von Bamberger. In 1896, he became an assistant at the Institute of Hygiene directed by Max von Grüber and was introduced to immunology and serology that occupied his research interests for the remainder of his career. He also conducted research in pathology. He coauthored nine papers with Donath, including a report on paroxysmal hemoglobinuria. Landsteiner was appointed a research assistant at the Vienna Pathological Institute in 1898. He remained there until 1908 when he became chief of pathology at the Royal Imperial Wilhelminen Hospital in Vienna and adjunct professor on the Medical Faculty of the University of Vienna. After World War I, Austria was chaotic and experienced inflation and fuel and food shortages. Landsteiner left for the Hague in The Netherlands in 1919, where he accepted a position at the Catholic Hospital. He was lured to the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York in 1923 at the invitation of its director, Dr. Simon Flexner. He became an American citizen in 1929 and died in New York on 26 June 1943. He discovered the human blood groups in 1900 when he found that the sera of some individuals could cause the agglutination of red cells from others. This led him to characterize red blood cells according to their antigens, leading subsequently to a description of the ABO blood groups. The development of citrates as anticoagulants in 1914 by Richard Lewisohn and Landsteiner’s blood grouping system led to the widespread use of blood transfusion. In 1927, Landsteiner and Phillip Levine discovered the M and N blood group antigens that are not of significance in transfusion since human blood serum does not contain isoagglutinins (antibodies) against them, differentiating MN from the ABO groups. In 1940 Landsteiner, Levine, and Weiner discovered the Rh blood group system when they found that antibodies raised in rabbits and guinea pigs immunized with blood from a rhesus monkey agglutinated the red blood cells of many humans (termed Rh positive). Those not possessing this blood factor were termed Rh negative. The Rh factor was shown to be important in hemolytic disease of the newborn. Landsteiner investigated poliomyelitis between 1908 and 1922. He discovered that a rhesus monkey became paralyzed following the injection of brain and spinal cord from a polio victim. After finding no bacteria in the monkey’s nervous system, Landsteiner concluded that a virus was the causative agent. He perfected a technique to diagnose poliomyelitis. He discovered that an extract of ox hearts could replace the antigen derived from livers of babies with congenital syphilis for use in the Wassermann test for syphilis. Landsteiner continued his serology and immunology work at the Rockefeller Institute. He examined the effects of position on attached radicals. He discovered that immunochemical specificity was altered by the ortho, meta, or para position on aromatic rings of stereoisomers; position was more important than the nature of the radical. Landsteiner further showed that partial antigens (called haptens) were unable to elicit antibody formation, but could react with those formed in response to a complete antigen comprising a hapten bound to a carrier molecule. He demonstrated carrier- and hapten-specific antibodies. His extensive investigations on immunochemical specificity were summarized in his book titled Die Specifizität der serologischen Reactionen published in 1933. The English translation was published in 1936, and a revised edition titled The Specificity of Serological Reactions appeared after his death in 1945. Landsteiner found that haptens could combine with pre-existing antibodies to produce allergic desensitization. His work laid a foundation for much of modern immunology, including the construction of synthetic vaccines. Landsteiner’s rule (historical) In 1900, Karl Landsteiner discovered that human red blood cells could be separated into four groups based on their antigenic characteristics. The groups were designated O, A, B, and AB. He found naturally occurring isohemagglutinins in the sera of individuals specific for the (ABO) blood group antigen which they did not possess (i.e., anti-A and anti-B isohemagglutinin in group O subjects, anti-B in group A individuals, anti-A in group B persons, and neither anti-A nor anti-B in individuals of group AB). This principle became known as Landsteiner’s rule. lane The path of migration of a molecule of interest from a well or point of application in gel electrophoresis. A substance is propelled within the confines of this path or corridor by an electric current that induces migration and separation of the molecules into bands according to size. Langerhans cell. Langerhans cells Phagocytic- and dendritic-appearing accessory cells interspersed between cells of the upper layer of the epidermis. They function as antigen-presenting cells and produce cytokines that attract lymphocytes to the skin. They can be visualized by gold chloride impregnation of unfixed sections and show dendritic processes but no intercellular bridges. By electron microscopy, they lack tonofibrils or desmosomes, have indented nuclei, and contain tennis racket-shaped Birbeck granules (relatively small, round to rectangular vacuoles that measure 10 nm). Following their formation from stem cells in the bone marrow, Langerhans cells migrate to the epidermis and then to the lymph nodes, where they are described as dendritic cells based upon their thin cytoplasmic processes that course between adjacent cells. Langerhans
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ILLUSTRATED DICTIONARY OF IMMUNOLOG
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CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 60
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Preface The splendid reception of t
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Illustration Credits Figure for C1
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Figure for Sustiva ® (efavirenz ca
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α helix 2 αβ TCR checkpoint muco
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abzyme 4 accessory molecules Trypan
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acetaldehyde adduct autoantibodies
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acquired immunity 8 activated lymph
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acute cellular rejection 10 acute d
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acute graft-vs.-host reaction 12 ac
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acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
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acute poststreptococcal glomerulone
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acyclic adenosine monophosphate (cA
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adhesion receptors 20 adjuvant ICAM
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adoptive immunization 22 adoptive t
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afferent lymphatic vessels 24 agar
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agretope 26 AIDS belt exposure to c
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airway hyper-responsiveness 28 alka
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allergic contact dermatitis 30 allo
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allophonic mouse 32 allotype suppre
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alternative complement pathway 34 a
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ALVAC 36 aminoethylcarbazole (AEC)
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amphiregulin 38 amyloid P component
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anaphylactoid reaction 40 anaphylax
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aneuploidy 42 angioimmunoblastic ly
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ankylosing spondylitis 44 antibodie
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antibody-dependent cell-mediated cy
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antibody unit 48 anti-CD5 monoclona
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anti-Clq antibody 50 anti-double-st
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antigen-binding site 52 antigen pre
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antigen-presenting cell (APC) 54 an
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antigenic gain 56 antigenic peptide
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antiglial fibrillary acidic protein
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anti-human cytokeratin 7 antibody 6
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anti-human prostatic acid phosphata
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antimuscle actin primary antibody 6
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antinucleosome antibodies 66 antipa
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antiprogesterone receptor antibody
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antithymocyte globulin (ATG) 70 AP-
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apoptosis 72 apoptosis Four caspase
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apoptosis, caspase pathway 74 apopt
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apoptosis, positive induction 76 ar
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Arthus reaction 78 artificially acq
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aspirin sensitivity reaction 80 ath
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Auer rods 82 autoantibodies, virus
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autochthonous 84 autogenous vaccine
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autoimmune complement fixation reac
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autoimmune uveoretinitis 88 avian i
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avidity hypothesis 90 AZT Percent A
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B7.2 costimulatory molecule 92 B ce
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B cell coreceptor 94 B cell lymphop
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B lymphocyte antigen receptor (BCR)
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ackcross 98 bacterial immunity Euka
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actericidin 100 BALB/c mice bacteri
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asophil 102 Bcl-2 family A peripher
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enign 104 bentonite (Al 2O 3·4SiO
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β 1H 106 bifunctional antibodies
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iotin-avidin system 108 bispecific
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lood group antigens 110 BLR-1/MDR-1
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ooster phenomenon 112 botulinum tox
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equinar sodium (BQR) 114 Bretscher-
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Brucella vaccine 116 bullous pemphi
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ursa of Fabricius 118 butterfly ras
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c allotype A rabbit immunoglobulin
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C1q deficiency 123 C2 and B genes C
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C3 nephritic factor (C3NeF) 125 C3d
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C4d 127 C6 deficiency Immunofluores
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C9 deficiency 129 calcineurin above
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Calmette, Albert (1863-1933) 131 Ca
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caprinized vaccine 133 carbohydrate
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cardiolipin 135 cartilaginous fish
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Castleman’s disease 137 catalytic
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CD1a 139 CD3 α C1 COOH β m shown
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CD4 molecule 141 CD8 CD4 molecule E
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CD15 (Leu M1) 143 CD20 primary anti
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CD23(1B12) 145 CD32 stronger staini
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CD42c 147 CD45RO 170 kDa. CD42b has
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CD56 149 CD71 CD56 A 220/135-kDa mo
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CD93 151 CDw116 CD93 A 120-kDa anti
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CDw149 (redesignated CD47R) 153 CD1
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CD236R 155 CD278 CD236R A 32-kDa an
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CD314 157 CD350 CD314 A 42-kDa anti
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cell-bound antibody (cell-fixed ant
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cellular hypersensitivity 161 c-erb
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chemokine β receptor-like 1 163 ch
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chemotactic peptide 165 Chido (Ch)
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cholera vaccine 167 chromogranin mo
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chronic and cyclic neutropenia 169
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chronic lymphocytic leukemia 171 ch
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circulating anticoagulant 173 Clado
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class I region 175 class II MHC mol
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classical C3 convertase 177 classic
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clonal selection theory 179 Clostri
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cobra venom factor (CVF) 181 coelom
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collagen (type I, II, and III) auto
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combination vaccine 185 common lymp
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complement activation 187 complemen
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complement membrane attack complex
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concanavalin A (con A) 191 congenic
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consensus sequence 193 contact sens
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control tolerance 195 Coons, Albert
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corneal transplantation 197 cortico
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cowpox 199 C-reactive protein (CRP)
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cromolyn 201 cross tolerance cromol
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cryptodeterminant 203 cutaneous ana
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cyclooxygenase pathway 205 cyclospo
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CYNAP phenomenon 207 cytokeratin (3
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cytokine assays 209 cytokine-specif
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cytopathic effect (of viruses) 211
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cytotoxicity tests 213 cytotropic a
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Dameshek, William (1900-1969) 216 d
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decomplementation 218 degranulation
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delayed xenograft rejection 220 den
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density gradient centrifugation 222
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designer lymphocytes 224 desotope T
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dhobi itch 226 diathelic immunizati
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differentiation antigen 228 Dimsdal
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diphtheria toxoid 230 direct tag as
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diversity 232 DNA laddering Formati
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Doherty, Peter (1940-) 234 dot DAT
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doubling dilution 236 drug-induced
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dye exclusion test 238 dysgammaglob
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EAE 240 Echinococcus immunity and c
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Edelman, Gerald Maurice (1929-) 242
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EIA 244 Elek plate e a e I d b a c
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ENA autoantibodies 246 endocytosis
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endoplasmic reticulum autoantibodie
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enzyme immunoassay (EIA) 250 eosino
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eotaxin-1 and eotaxin-2 252 epithel
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equilibrium constant 254 erythema n
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etanercept (injection) 256 exon for
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experimental autoimmune sialoadenit
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F-actin Actin molecules in a dual-s
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factor H deficiency 263 Faenia rect
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Farr technique 265 Fasciola immunit
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FcμR 267 Fc receptors on human T c
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Fcγ R 269 feline immunity Fc R The
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Feulgen reaction 271 fibrin villous
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filariasis 273 fish immunity filari
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flame cells 275 FLIP/FLAM 95 40 78
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Flt3 ligand 277 fluorescein isothio
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fluorescence treponemal antibody te
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follicular lymphoma 281 foscarnet i
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freemartin 283 functional affinity
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fusin 285 fyn fusin A receptor pres
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γδ T cells 288 gastric cell cAMP-
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gene amplification 290 gene escape
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genetic polymorphism 292 genotype D
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Ghon complex 294 globulin Richard K
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glucocorticoids (GCs) 296 Gm alloty
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Golgi apparatus 298 Goodpasture’s
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gp41 300 graft changed the understa
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graft-vs.-leukemia (GVL) 302 granul
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granulomatous hepatitis 304 Guillai
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H-2 complex Murine major histocompa
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HALV (human AIDS-lymphotrophic viru
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Hassall’s corpuscles 311 HAT medi
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HCC-1 313 heavy chain diseases In t
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helminth 315 hematopoiesis thereby
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hemolysis 317 hemolytic plaque assa
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hepatitis A, inactivated and hepati
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hepatitis serology 321 herpes gesta
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herpesvirus-8 immunity 323 heteroph
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high endothelial postcapillary venu
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histamine-releasing factor 327 hist
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histoplasmin 329 HIV-1 genes G-O HL
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HIV infection 331 HLA Nuclear magne
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HLA allelic variation 333 HLA class
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HLA-DP subregion 335 HLA-DR antigen
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HLA type 337 homing Wells for diffe
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homologous recombination pathway 33
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HSC mobilization 341 (quadrivalent,
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HUT 78 343 hybrid resistance Baseme
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hyperacute xenograft rejection 345
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hypersensitivity angiitis 347 hypog
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I-309 A chemokine of the β (CC) fa
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idiotype suppression 351 Igα and I
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IgM 353 IL4 have recurrent respirat
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immediate spin cross match 355 immu
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immune exclusion 357 immune-neuroen
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immune response (Ir) genes 359 immu
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immunoblast 361 immunocytoadherence
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immunodeficiency associated with he
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immunoenhancement 365 immunofluores
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immunoglobulin A (IgA) 367 immunogl
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immunoglobulin δ chain 369 immunog
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immunoglobulin G (IgG) 371 immunogl
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immunoglobulin M (IgM) 373 immunogl
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immunoglobulin monomer 375 immunogl
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immunoglobulin structure 377 immuno
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immunologic facilitation (facilitat
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immunologist 381 immunophenotyping
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immunoprophylaxis 383 immunoregulat
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immunotactoid glomerulopathy 385 in
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indirect tag assays 387 infectious
Page 404 and 405: inflammatory myopathy 389 influenza
Page 406 and 407: influenza virus vaccine 391 innate
Page 408 and 409: instructive theory of antibody form
Page 410 and 411: interallelic conversion 395 intercr
Page 412 and 413: interferon γ-1b (injection) 397 in
Page 414 and 415: interleukin-1 receptor antagonist p
Page 416 and 417: interleukin-2 receptor α subunit (
Page 418 and 419: interleukin-5 (IL5; eosinophil diff
Page 420 and 421: interleukin-6 receptor 405 interleu
Page 422 and 423: interleukin-8 receptor, type A (IL8
Page 424 and 425: interleukin-11 receptor (IL11R) 409
Page 426 and 427: interleukin-15 (IL15) 411 interleuk
Page 428 and 429: interleukin-20 (IL20) 413 interleuk
Page 430 and 431: interleukin-33 (IL33) 415 intracell
Page 432 and 433: invariant (Ii) chain 417 invariant
Page 434 and 435: iridovirus immunity 419 islet cell
Page 436 and 437: isoelectric point (pI) 421 isotypes
Page 438 and 439: Disulfide bonds β pleated sheets C
Page 440 and 441: Jerne network theory 425 Jo-1 syndr
Page 442: jugular bodies 427 juvenile rheumat
Page 445 and 446: kallidin 430 Kawasaki’s disease E
Page 447 and 448: Kidd blood group system 432 kinetoc
Page 449 and 450: KLH 434 Koprowski, Hilary (1916-) p
Page 451 and 452: Kupffer’s cell 436 Kveim reaction
Page 453: lamina propria 438 laminin receptor
Page 457 and 458: LATS (long-acting thyroid stimulato
Page 459 and 460: lectin-like receptors 444 lepra cel
Page 461 and 462: leukemia 446 leukemia viruses Leuke
Page 463 and 464: leukocyte culture 448 leukocytoclas
Page 465 and 466: levamisole 450 Levine, Philip Phili
Page 467 and 468: light chain deficiencies 452 light
Page 469 and 470: linked recognition 454 linked recog
Page 471 and 472: linked suppression 456 Listeria imm
Page 473 and 474: liver-kidney microsome 1 (LKM-1) au
Page 475 and 476: LPS-binding protein (LBP) 460 lupus
Page 477 and 478: lymphatic system 462 lymph node cau
Page 479 and 480: lymphocyte-activating factor (LAF)
Page 481 and 482: lymphocyte homing 466 lymphocyte tr
Page 483 and 484: lymphocytotoxin 468 lymphoid tissue
Page 485 and 486: lysogeny 470 lytic granules lysogen
Page 487 and 488: macrophage 472 macrophage INFγ Mac
Page 489 and 490: macrophage colony-stimulating facto
Page 491 and 492: macrophage migration test 476 Madse
Page 493 and 494: major histocompatibility complex cl
Page 495 and 496: MART-1 (M2-7C10), mouse 480 mast ce
Page 497 and 498: maternal antibodies 482 matrix meta
Page 499 and 500: M component 484 Medawar, Peter Bria
Page 501 and 502: medulla 486 membrane attack complex
Page 503 and 504: membrane cofactor of proteolysis (M
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mesangial phagocytes 490 methotrexa
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MHC class III proteins 492 MHC rest
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microinjection 494 microorganisms M
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MiHA 496 Miller-Fisher syndrome (MF
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MIP-2 (macrophage inflammatory prot
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mixed agglutination 500 mixed lymph
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Mo1 502 molecular (DNA) typing (seq
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monoclonal antibody HECA-452 504 mo
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monoclonal immunoglobulin 506 monoc
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monogamous multivalency 508 monomer
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mononuclear phagocyte 510 Montagnie
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μ heavy chain disease 512 mucosal
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multiple autoimmune disorder (MAD)
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muramyl dipeptide (MDP) 516 myasthe
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Mycoplasma-AIDS link 518 myelin aut
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myelogenous leukemia 520 myocardial
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N addition Appending nucleotides by
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natural killer gene complex (NKC) 5
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N-formyl peptide receptor (FPR) 527
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neural cell adhesion molecule L1 (N
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neutrophil activating protein 1 (NA
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Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS) 53
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nonresponder 535 normal lymphocyte
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nuclear matrix protein 537 nutritio
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O125 (ovarian celomic) Nonmucinous
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oncogene 541 one-turn recombination
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oral tolerance 543 Orthoclone OKT®
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Oudin, Jacques (1908-1986) 545 ovar
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owl eye appearance 547 oxygen-depen
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P Abbreviation for properdin. Also
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palivizumab (injection) 551 PAP (pe
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papain hydrolysis 553 paracrine fac
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parasite immunity 555 parietal cell
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passive agglutination test 557 pass
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Pasteurella immunity 559 pathogen-a
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PCP 561 pemphigus foliaceus PCP Abb
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penicillin hypersensitivity 563 pep
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Percoll® 565 peripheral lymphoid o
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persistent generalized lymphadenopa
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phagocyte disorders 569 phagocytosi
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phagolysosome 571 phorbol ester(s)
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phytoimmunity 573 pituitary autoant
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plaque-forming cells 575 plasma cel
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plasmid 577 platelet antigens plasm
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PMN 579 POEMS syndrome PMN Abbrevia
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polyagglutination 581 polyclonal ly
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polymeric Ig 583 polymyositis (PM)
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positive induction apoptosis 585 po
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preactivation 587 pre-B cell recept
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precipitation in gel media 589 prec
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Pressman, David 591 primary biliary
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primary tumor 593 private specifici
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progressive transformation of germi
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prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) 59
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protein S 599 protoplast protein S
Page 616 and 617:
pseudoallergy 601 psoriasis vulgari
Page 618 and 619:
purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PN
Page 620 and 621:
Q fever An acute disease caused by
Page 622 and 623:
R5 viruses CCR5-binding HIV strains
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adioimmunodiffusion test 609 radiol
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Raji cell assay for CIC 611 rapamyc
Page 628 and 629:
RB200 613 reactive oxygen species (
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ecombinant vaccine 615 refractory c
Page 632 and 633:
elative risk (RR) 617 reptile immun
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estitope 619 reticulin autoantibodi
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etrovirus 621 reverse transcriptase
Page 638 and 639:
hesus blood group system 623 rhesus
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heumatoid arthritis cell (RA cell)
Page 642 and 643:
Ricinus communis 627 RNA polymerase
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Rood, J. J. van 629 Rose-Waaler tes
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RPR (rapid plasma reagin) test 631
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Sabin-Feldman dye test 634 SAMS loc
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sarcoma 636 scavenger receptors Ope
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schlepper 638 scratch test schleppe
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secondary immune response 640 secre
Page 657 and 658:
secretory piece 642 selective IgA d
Page 659 and 660:
self antigen 644 senescent cell ant
Page 661 and 662:
sequential determinant 646 serology
Page 663 and 664:
serum sickness 648 severe combined
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Sézary syndrome 650 Shwartzman (or
Page 667 and 668:
sia test (historical) 652 side chai
Page 669 and 670:
signal sequence 654 single cysteine
Page 671 and 672:
Sips distribution 656 Sjögren’s
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skin-reactive factor (SRF) 658 slow
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smooth muscle antibodies (SMAs) 660
Page 677 and 678:
soluble cytokine receptors 662 spec
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spectrotype 664 splenic cords spect
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spontaneous cancer 666 SS-A/Ro in t
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steric hindrance 668 Streptococcus
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Strongyloides immunity 670 superant
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suppressor T cells (Ts cells) 672 S
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SXY-CIITA regulatory system 674 syn
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systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
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T1DM Abbreviation for type 1 diabet
Page 696 and 697:
Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (uromodu
Page 698 and 699:
T cell antigen-specific suppressor
Page 700 and 701:
T cell receptor (TCR) 685 T cell re
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T cell tolerance 687 telencephalin
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terminal deoxynucleotidyl transfera
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tetanus toxoid 691 Th cells tetanus
Page 708 and 709:
T h1 cells 693 Theiler’s virus my
Page 710 and 711:
three-signal model of lymphocyte ac
Page 712 and 713:
thymic humoral factors (THFs) 697 t
Page 714 and 715:
thymus 699 thymus Marrow stem cell
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thymus cell differentiation 701 thy
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thymus-independent (TI) antigen 703
Page 720 and 721:
tissue transglutaminase autoantibod
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T lymphocyte antigen receptor (TCR)
Page 724 and 725:
tolerosome 709 tonsil Susumu Tonega
Page 726 and 727:
toxin-1 (TSST-1) 711 TRALI (transfu
Page 728 and 729:
TRANCE (RANK ligand) 713 transformi
Page 730 and 731:
transgenes 715 translation chills,
Page 732 and 733:
T reg cells 717 triple response of
Page 734 and 735:
tuberculin hypersensitivity 719 tum
Page 736 and 737:
tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL
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tumor necrosis factor (TNF) recepto
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type I cytokine receptors 725 type
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type II interferon 727 type III imm
Page 744:
typhus vaccination 729 tyrosine kin
Page 747 and 748:
ulcerative colitis (immunologic col
Page 749 and 750:
US28 734 uveitis Rhus toxicodendron
Page 751 and 752:
valence 736 varicella valence The n
Page 753 and 754:
vascular permeability factors 738 V
Page 755 and 756:
venom 740 V gene Ileum Lumen the fi
Page 757 and 758:
Videx® 742 viral hemagglutination
Page 759 and 760:
vitamin B and immunity 744 vitronec
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Vpr (HIV) 746 V T region of lysis o
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warm antibody 748 Wegener’s granu
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Whipple’s disease 750 Winn assay
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Wu-Kabat plot 752 W, X, Y boxes (MH
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xenotype 754 X-linked lymphoprolife
Page 772:
Rosalyn Sussman Yalow. Yalow, Rosal
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zinc and immunity 760 zinc and immu
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Appendix I Expression On most cells
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Appendix I 765 Mouse CD Chart Antig
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Activation unit Appendix II Complem
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III Appendix III 782 Cytokines and
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Appendix IV Chemokines and Their Re
Page 802 and 803:
Appendix V Human Leukocyte Differen
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Appendix V 789 Human Leukocyte Diff
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Editorial Staff Jeanann Lovell Sugg
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