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KLH 434 Koprowski, Hilary (1916–)
polysaccharides that are able to prevent experimental K.
pneumoniae sepsis. An effective vaccine must contain capsular
polysaccharides from 25 different serotypes.
KLH
Abbreviation for keyhole limpet hemocyanin.
Km (formerly Inv)
The designation for the κ light chain allotype genetic
markers.
Km allotypes
The three Km allotypes described in human immunoglobulin
κ light chains are designated Km1, Km1,2, and Km3.
They are encoded by alleles of the gene that codes for the
human κ light chain constant regions. Allotype differences
are based on the amino acid residues at positions 153 and
191 that are in proximity to one another in a folded immunoglobulin
Cκ domain. One person may have a maximum
of two of the three Km allotypes on his light chains. To
fully express Km determinants, the heavy immunoglobulin
chains should be present, probably to maintain appropriate
three-dimensional configuration.
knock-in transgene
A transgene with a specific mutation flanked by sequences
that are homologous to the endogenous locus, thereby
ensuring that the transgene integrates in its natural position.
knockout gene
Generation of a mutant organism in which the function of
a particular gene is completely eliminated (a null allele).
To successfully “knock out” a gene, cloned and sequenced
genomic DNA and a suitable embryonic (ES) cell line are
necessary. A sequence insertion targeting approach may be
used. The advantage of an insertion vector is that the frequency
of integration is ninefold higher than with an equal
length replacement-type vector. Homologous recombination
techniques can be used to achieve targeted disruption of one
or more genes in mice. Knockout mice deprived of functional
genes that encode cytokines, cell-surface receptors,
signaling molecules, and transcription factors are critical
for contemporary immunologic research.
knockout, genetic
A technique to introduce precise genetic lesions into the
mouse genome to cause gene disruption and generate
an animal model with a specific genetic defect. Specific
defects may be introduced into any murine gene by permitting
investigation of this alteration in vivo. Technological
advances that made this possible include homologous
recombination to introduce defined changes into the murine
genome and the reintroduction of genetically altered embryonic
stem cells into the murine germline to produce mutant
mouse strains.
knockout mouse
A transgenic mouse in which a mutant allele or disrupted
form of a gene replaces a normal gene, leading to the
mouse’s failure to produce a functional gene product. Much
has been learned about the roles of cytokines, cell surface
receptors, signaling molecules, and transcription factors in
the immune system through experiments on knockout mice.
Koch, Heinrich Hermann Robert (1843–1910)
German bacteriologist awarded the Nobel Prize in 1905 for
his work on tuberculosis. Koch made many contributions
to the field of bacteriology. Along with his postulates for
proof of etiology, Koch instituted strict isolation and culture
methods. He studied the life cycle of anthrax and discovered
8 Weeks later
Robert Koch.
M. tuberculosis
Challenge with
M. tuberculosis
antigens (injected
intradermally)
Koch phenomenon.
Necrosis
Tuberculous region
both Vibrio cholerae and the tubercle bacillus. The Koch
phenomenon and Koch–Weeks bacillus both bear his name.
Koch phenomenon
Delayed hypersensitivity reaction in the skin of a guinea pig
after it has been infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Robert Koch described the phenomenon in 1891 following
the injection of living or dead M. tuberculosis microorganisms
into guinea pigs previously infected with the same
microbes. He observed severe necrotic reactions at the
sites of inoculation that occasionally became generalized
and induced death. The injection of killed M. tuberculosis
microorganisms into healthy guinea pigs caused no ill
effects. This is a demonstration of cell-mediated immunity
and is the basis for the tuberculin test.
Köhler, Georges J.F. (1946–1995)
German immunologist who shared the Nobel Prize in
1984 with Cesar Milstein for their work in the production
of monoclonal antibodies by hybridizing mutant myeloma
cells with antibody-producing B cells (hybridoma technique).
Monoclonal antibodies have broad applications in
both basic and clinical research and in diagnostic assays.
Koprowski, Hilary (1916–)
In the 1960s, Koprowski and Marin Kaplan developed a
superior rabies vaccine from virus grown in human embryonic
cell cultures. It had the advantage of requiring fewer