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Japanese encephalitis virus vaccine 424 Jenner, Edward (1749–1823)
various cytokine receptors such as receptors for IL2, IL4,
IFN-γ, and IL12, among others. They are activated by the
aggregation of cytokine receptors. JAKs phosphorylate
cytokine receptors that facilitate the binding of STATs.
This is followed by phosphorylation and activation of the
STATs by JAKs. JAKs associate selectively with different
cytokine receptors. STATs in the cytosol transfer to the
nucleus following phosphorylation where they activate
various genes. The four known JAKs are JAK-1, JAK-2,
JAK-3, and TYK-2.
Japanese encephalitis virus vaccine
Intended for protection against Japanese encephalitis,
a mosquito-borne arboviral flavivirus infection that is
a prominent cause of viral encephalitis in Asia. United
States travelers and military personnel should receive
three-dose vaccinations. Neutralizing antibody has been
shown to be produced in fewer than 80% of vaccinated
individuals after two doses of the vaccine and antibody
levels decline substantially in most persons vaccinated
within 6 months. In another study, two regiments of three
doses induced neutralizing antibodies 2 months and 6
months after initiation of vaccination. Vaccination on days
0, 7, and 30 led to higher antibody responses than vaccination
on days 0, 7, and 14. The full duration of protection is
unknown.
Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction
A systemic reaction associated with fever, lymphadenopathy,
skin rash, and headaches that follows the injection
of penicillin into patients with syphilis. It is apparently
produced by the release of significant quantities of toxic or
antigenic substances from multiple Treponema pallidum
microorganisms.
California hagfish and lamprey.
jawless fishes (cyclostomes, e.g., hagfish and lampreys)
The lowest vertebrate investigated, the California hagfish,
does not manifest true lymphocytes and adaptive T and B
cell responses. This species has no thymus, an erythropoietic
spleen or lymphocyte-like cells in the circulation and γ
M macroglobulin. The hagfish responds to hemocyanin if
its body temperature is maintained at 20°C, but true immunoglobulins
are not synthesized.
Jenner, Edward (1749–1823)
Jenner studied medicine under John Hunter and for most
of his career was a country doctor in Berkeley in southern
England. It was common knowledge that an eruptive
skin disease of cattle (cowpox) and a similar disease in
horses called grease conferred immunity to smallpox on
those who cared for the animals and caught infections
from them, and Jenner carefully observed and recorded
23 cases. The results of his experiments were published,
establishing his claim of initiating the technique of vaccination.
He vaccinated James Phipps, an 8-year old boy.
The vaccination contained matter taken from the arm of
Sarah Nelmes, a milkmaid who suffered from cowpox.
Edward Jenner (1749–1823) is often called the founder of immunology
based on his contribution of the first reliable method for conferring lasting
immunity to a major contagious disease.
Bronze statue of Jenner vaccinating his own son against smallpox with
cowpox lymph.
After the infection subsided, Jenner inoculated the child
with smallpox and found that the inoculation had no
effect. His results led to widespread adoption of vaccination
in England and elsewhere, leading ultimately to the
eradi cation of smallpox.