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iridovirus immunity 419 islet cell autoantibodies (ICAs)
also necessary for helper T cell-dependent B cell antibody
responsiveness to protein antigens.
iridovirus immunity
Insect immunity against this virus consists mainly of
cellular responses including phagocytosis, encapsulation,
nodule formation, and coagulation to recognize foreignness.
Attacin, cecropins, lysozyme, and phenol oxidase occur in
various dipteran and lepidopteran species. These inducible
agents may play a toxic role in the defense mechanism.
Only nonspecific immunity not associated with antigen
antibody reactions or complement or interferon occurs.
iron and immunity
Iron has two effects on immune function. Micronutrients
such as iron are redistributed in the body during infection.
Dietary iron deficiency produces iron deficiency anemia
and decreases immunocompetence. Both iron deficiency
and iron excess compromise the immune system.
irradiation chimera
An animal or human whose lymphoid and myeloid tissues
have been destroyed by lethal irradiation and successfully
repopulated with donor bone marrow cells that are genetically
different.
J. Irvine.
Irvine, J.
British authority on autoimmune diseases.
Irwin, M.R.
A professor at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, who
first used the term immunogenetics in 1933 to describe an
uncertain association between immunology and genetics.
Isaacs, Alick
An investigator who, with Jean Lindenmann, discovered a
substance they named interferon. They were studying the
phenomenon of viral interference, i.e., the resistance shown
by cells infected by one virus to simultaneous infection by
another. In their experiments, chick cells infected with influenza
viruses were resistant to infection with other viruses.
ischemia
Deficient blood supply to a tissue as a consequence of vascular
obstruction.
ISCOMs
Immune stimulatory complexes of antigen bound in a
matrix of lipid that serves as an adjuvant and facilitates
M.R. Irwin.
Alick Isaacs.
uptake of antigen into the cytoplasm of a cell following
plasma membrane–lipid fusion. One example is a vaccine
composed of a pathogen antigen combined with cholesterol,
phospholipid, and saponin to yield a soccer ball-shaped
configuration bearing a strong negative charge. Frequently,
the vaccine antigen is amphipathic protein.
Ishizaka, Kimishige (1925–) and Terako
Discovered immunoglobulin E (IgE) and contributed to
elucidation of its function.
islet cell autoantibodies (ICAs)
Autoantibodies specific for the β cells of the pancreatic
islets. They are found in 80% of newly diagnosed cases of
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) by indirect
immunofluorescence on frozen sections of human pancreas.
Individuals with high titers of persistent ICAs are more
likely to have IDDM than those with fluctuating ICAs.
Half of relatives with a single positive ICA assay and 60 to
80% of relatives with both ICA and insulin autoantibodies
(IAAs) will develop IDDM within 10 years. Strong persistently
positive ICAs (>40 JDF-U) are the best predictors of
subsequent onset of IDDM, especially if insulin secretion is
greatly diminished. ICAs are found in 31% of women who
develop gestational diabetes mellitus.
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