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invariant (Ii) chain 417 invariant (Ii) chain VERTEBRATES INVERTEBRATES Unicellular Multicellular Coelomate Jawless fishes Worms Specialized cells opsonins lysins agglutinins Sponges Self recognition Specific aggregation Phagocytosis Hagfish Foci of lymphocytes Mollusks Lack of graft rejection Protozoa Bacteria Enzymes invariant (Ii) chain A nonpolymorphic, 31-kDa glycoprotein that associates with class II histocompatibility molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum. It inhibits the linking of endogenous Amphibians Bony fishes Cooperation of T cells and Bcells NK cells cytokines Cartilaginous fishes Thymus spleen B&T lymphocytes and plasmacells IgM (18S, 7S) Anthropods Alternative complement pathway Coral Reptiles Bone marrow major histocompatibility complex lymph nodes gut-associated lymphoid tissue IgM and IgG classes of immunoglobulin Lamprey Antibody response Recognition of nonself graft rejection Evolution of immunity. Avian (birds) Bursa of Fabricius germinal centers Ig-T cells IgM, IgG amd IgA immunoglobulin classes Ig-Tcells IgM and IgG classes of immunoglobulin Tunicates Stem cells MHC lymphocytes Echinoderms Mammals Increased diversity of immunoglobulins IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, and IgE classes Phagocytic cells memory of graft rejection cytokines agglutinins peptides with the class II molecule, conveying it to appropriate intracellular compartments. Truncation of the invariant chain stimulates a second signal that may function in the trans-Golgi network prior to the conveyance I
invasin 418 Ir genes of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules to cell surfaces. It directs the MHC class II molecules to endosomes where Ii is degraded, permitting MHC class II molecules to bind peptides in the endosomes. The Ii chain stabilizes the class II molecule before it acquires an antigenic peptide. invasin A membrane protein derived from Yersina pseudotuberculosis that binds to α 4β1 integrins and has the capacity to induce T cell costimulatory signals. invasive pathogen A pathogenic microorganism that successfully gains access to the body even though defense mechanisms are intact. invasive tumor A neoplasm capable of accessing and obliterating healthy architectures of adjacent organs. inversional joining An event that takes place during V(D)J recombination when the two gene segments to be united are in the opposite transcriptional orientation. invertebrate immunity Invertebrates have various mechanisms to recognize and respond to nonself substances even though they lack lymphoid immune systems. They possess both cellular and humoral components that mediate immunelike responses. Invertebrate internal defense responses include phagocytosis, encapsulation, and nodule formation. The molecular recognition and effector mechanisms among species are diverse. Some of the factors involved include α 2 macroglobulins, C-reactive proteins, antibacterial peptides, serine proteinases and proteinase inhibitors, C-type lectins and complement-related factors, glucan-binding proteins, and some antibacterial peptides. Alloaggressive responses have been observed in noncolonial invertebrates. Invertebrates form certain members of the immunoglobulin superfamily such as adhesion molecules and receptors for tyrosine kinases. Within the immunoglobulin superfamily, only hemolin, a protein isolated from lepidopterans, is induced following bacterial challenge. Hemolin has four immunoglobulin-like domains whose primary structures more closely resemble cell adhesion molecules than immunoglobulins. With respect to invertebrate effector molecules, antibacterial peptides are classified into several families that include lysozymes, cecropins, sapecins or insect defensins, and attacin-like and proline-rich antibacterial peptides. Invertebrates have cascades of endogenous serine proteinases that are important in defense. Cytokinelike activity, possibly mediated by factors equivalent to IL1 and IL6, has been recognized. Receptors have also been identified on phagocytic cells. Thus, invertebrate cytokine-like factors may play a role in the regulation of nonspecific responses to tissue injury and infection. Opioid peptides, opiate alkaloids, and other neuropeptides may modulate chemotaxis and cell adhesion. invertebrates Animals without backbones. inverted repeat Complementary sequence segments on a single strand of DNA. A palindrome when the halves of an inverted repeat are placed side by side. in vitro (“in glass”) Investigations with living cells or cellular components performed outside the bodies of intact organisms. The investigations are performed in tissue culture plates or test tubes. in vivo (“in life”) Investigations performed in intact living organisms. ion exchange chromatography A method that permits the separation of proteins in a solution, taking advantage of their net charge differences. It involves the electrostatic binding of proteins onto a charged resin suspended in a buffer and packed into a column. Because serum protein charges vary, binding to or elution from the column is possible by gradually increasing or decreasing the salt concentration (with or without changes in pH). This affects the types of proteins binding to the resin. With buffers of low molarity and pH >6.5, the immunoglobulin G (IgG) in solution is not adsorbed on the column and passes through with the first buffer volume. ionic bonds Electrostatic bonds. – + –NH 3 OOC– Electrostatic forces. ionic (or Coulombic) forces Forces resulting from the interactions of oppositely charged ionic groups on antigen and antibody molecules. Based on Coulomb’s equation: F = Q + Q - εr 2 where ε is the dielectric constant of the medium, Q + and Q - are the positive and negative charges in electrostatic units, respectively, and r is the distance between the centers of the charged sites, the Coulombic force of attraction is inversely proportional to the square of the distances between antigen and antibody. IP-10 Interferon γ (IFN-γ)-inducible protein 10. A chemokine of the α (CXC) family. IP-10 is a gene product following stimulation of cells within IFN-γ. It does not posses the ELR motif that determines the biological significance of a particular α chemokine. IP-10 has an angiostatic potential, which is opposite to the angiogenic effect of other ELR-containing α chemokines. This potential renders IP-10 a unique α chemokine family member. Tissue sources include endothelial cells, monocytes, fibroblasts, and keratinocytes. High levels of IP-10 transcripts are present in lymphoid organs. Monocytes, progenitor cells, and natural killer cells serve as targets. IPEX Abbreviation for immunodysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy X-linked (IPEX) syndrome. Ir genes Immune response (Ir) genes. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II genes that control immune responses are found in the Ir region. These genes govern the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to any particular antigen. Ir genes encode polymorphic MHC molecules that bind peptides needed for T cell activation and are
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ILLUSTRATED DICTIONARY OF IMMUNOLOG
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CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 60
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Preface The splendid reception of t
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Illustration Credits Figure for C1
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Figure for Sustiva ® (efavirenz ca
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α helix 2 αβ TCR checkpoint muco
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abzyme 4 accessory molecules Trypan
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acetaldehyde adduct autoantibodies
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acquired immunity 8 activated lymph
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acute cellular rejection 10 acute d
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acute graft-vs.-host reaction 12 ac
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acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
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acute poststreptococcal glomerulone
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acyclic adenosine monophosphate (cA
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adhesion receptors 20 adjuvant ICAM
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adoptive immunization 22 adoptive t
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afferent lymphatic vessels 24 agar
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agretope 26 AIDS belt exposure to c
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airway hyper-responsiveness 28 alka
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allergic contact dermatitis 30 allo
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allophonic mouse 32 allotype suppre
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alternative complement pathway 34 a
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ALVAC 36 aminoethylcarbazole (AEC)
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amphiregulin 38 amyloid P component
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anaphylactoid reaction 40 anaphylax
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aneuploidy 42 angioimmunoblastic ly
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ankylosing spondylitis 44 antibodie
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antibody-dependent cell-mediated cy
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antibody unit 48 anti-CD5 monoclona
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anti-Clq antibody 50 anti-double-st
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antigen-binding site 52 antigen pre
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antigen-presenting cell (APC) 54 an
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antigenic gain 56 antigenic peptide
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antiglial fibrillary acidic protein
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anti-human cytokeratin 7 antibody 6
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anti-human prostatic acid phosphata
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antimuscle actin primary antibody 6
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antinucleosome antibodies 66 antipa
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antiprogesterone receptor antibody
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antithymocyte globulin (ATG) 70 AP-
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apoptosis 72 apoptosis Four caspase
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apoptosis, caspase pathway 74 apopt
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apoptosis, positive induction 76 ar
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Arthus reaction 78 artificially acq
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aspirin sensitivity reaction 80 ath
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Auer rods 82 autoantibodies, virus
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autochthonous 84 autogenous vaccine
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autoimmune complement fixation reac
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autoimmune uveoretinitis 88 avian i
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avidity hypothesis 90 AZT Percent A
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B7.2 costimulatory molecule 92 B ce
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B cell coreceptor 94 B cell lymphop
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B lymphocyte antigen receptor (BCR)
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ackcross 98 bacterial immunity Euka
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actericidin 100 BALB/c mice bacteri
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asophil 102 Bcl-2 family A peripher
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enign 104 bentonite (Al 2O 3·4SiO
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β 1H 106 bifunctional antibodies
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iotin-avidin system 108 bispecific
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lood group antigens 110 BLR-1/MDR-1
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ooster phenomenon 112 botulinum tox
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equinar sodium (BQR) 114 Bretscher-
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Brucella vaccine 116 bullous pemphi
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ursa of Fabricius 118 butterfly ras
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c allotype A rabbit immunoglobulin
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C1q deficiency 123 C2 and B genes C
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C3 nephritic factor (C3NeF) 125 C3d
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C4d 127 C6 deficiency Immunofluores
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C9 deficiency 129 calcineurin above
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Calmette, Albert (1863-1933) 131 Ca
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caprinized vaccine 133 carbohydrate
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cardiolipin 135 cartilaginous fish
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Castleman’s disease 137 catalytic
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CD1a 139 CD3 α C1 COOH β m shown
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CD4 molecule 141 CD8 CD4 molecule E
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CD15 (Leu M1) 143 CD20 primary anti
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CD23(1B12) 145 CD32 stronger staini
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CD42c 147 CD45RO 170 kDa. CD42b has
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CD56 149 CD71 CD56 A 220/135-kDa mo
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CD93 151 CDw116 CD93 A 120-kDa anti
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CDw149 (redesignated CD47R) 153 CD1
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CD236R 155 CD278 CD236R A 32-kDa an
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CD314 157 CD350 CD314 A 42-kDa anti
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cell-bound antibody (cell-fixed ant
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cellular hypersensitivity 161 c-erb
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chemokine β receptor-like 1 163 ch
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chemotactic peptide 165 Chido (Ch)
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cholera vaccine 167 chromogranin mo
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chronic and cyclic neutropenia 169
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chronic lymphocytic leukemia 171 ch
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circulating anticoagulant 173 Clado
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class I region 175 class II MHC mol
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classical C3 convertase 177 classic
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clonal selection theory 179 Clostri
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cobra venom factor (CVF) 181 coelom
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collagen (type I, II, and III) auto
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combination vaccine 185 common lymp
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complement activation 187 complemen
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complement membrane attack complex
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concanavalin A (con A) 191 congenic
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consensus sequence 193 contact sens
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control tolerance 195 Coons, Albert
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corneal transplantation 197 cortico
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cowpox 199 C-reactive protein (CRP)
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cromolyn 201 cross tolerance cromol
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cryptodeterminant 203 cutaneous ana
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cyclooxygenase pathway 205 cyclospo
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CYNAP phenomenon 207 cytokeratin (3
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cytokine assays 209 cytokine-specif
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cytopathic effect (of viruses) 211
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cytotoxicity tests 213 cytotropic a
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Dameshek, William (1900-1969) 216 d
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decomplementation 218 degranulation
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delayed xenograft rejection 220 den
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density gradient centrifugation 222
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designer lymphocytes 224 desotope T
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dhobi itch 226 diathelic immunizati
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differentiation antigen 228 Dimsdal
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diphtheria toxoid 230 direct tag as
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diversity 232 DNA laddering Formati
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Doherty, Peter (1940-) 234 dot DAT
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doubling dilution 236 drug-induced
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dye exclusion test 238 dysgammaglob
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EAE 240 Echinococcus immunity and c
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Edelman, Gerald Maurice (1929-) 242
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EIA 244 Elek plate e a e I d b a c
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ENA autoantibodies 246 endocytosis
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endoplasmic reticulum autoantibodie
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enzyme immunoassay (EIA) 250 eosino
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eotaxin-1 and eotaxin-2 252 epithel
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equilibrium constant 254 erythema n
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etanercept (injection) 256 exon for
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experimental autoimmune sialoadenit
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F-actin Actin molecules in a dual-s
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factor H deficiency 263 Faenia rect
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Farr technique 265 Fasciola immunit
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FcμR 267 Fc receptors on human T c
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Fcγ R 269 feline immunity Fc R The
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Feulgen reaction 271 fibrin villous
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filariasis 273 fish immunity filari
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flame cells 275 FLIP/FLAM 95 40 78
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Flt3 ligand 277 fluorescein isothio
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fluorescence treponemal antibody te
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follicular lymphoma 281 foscarnet i
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freemartin 283 functional affinity
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fusin 285 fyn fusin A receptor pres
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γδ T cells 288 gastric cell cAMP-
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gene amplification 290 gene escape
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genetic polymorphism 292 genotype D
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Ghon complex 294 globulin Richard K
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glucocorticoids (GCs) 296 Gm alloty
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Golgi apparatus 298 Goodpasture’s
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gp41 300 graft changed the understa
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graft-vs.-leukemia (GVL) 302 granul
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granulomatous hepatitis 304 Guillai
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H-2 complex Murine major histocompa
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HALV (human AIDS-lymphotrophic viru
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Hassall’s corpuscles 311 HAT medi
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HCC-1 313 heavy chain diseases In t
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helminth 315 hematopoiesis thereby
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hemolysis 317 hemolytic plaque assa
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hepatitis A, inactivated and hepati
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hepatitis serology 321 herpes gesta
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herpesvirus-8 immunity 323 heteroph
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high endothelial postcapillary venu
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histamine-releasing factor 327 hist
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histoplasmin 329 HIV-1 genes G-O HL
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HIV infection 331 HLA Nuclear magne
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HLA allelic variation 333 HLA class
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HLA-DP subregion 335 HLA-DR antigen
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HLA type 337 homing Wells for diffe
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homologous recombination pathway 33
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HSC mobilization 341 (quadrivalent,
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HUT 78 343 hybrid resistance Baseme
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hyperacute xenograft rejection 345
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hypersensitivity angiitis 347 hypog
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I-309 A chemokine of the β (CC) fa
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idiotype suppression 351 Igα and I
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IgM 353 IL4 have recurrent respirat
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immediate spin cross match 355 immu
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immune exclusion 357 immune-neuroen
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immune response (Ir) genes 359 immu
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immunoblast 361 immunocytoadherence
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immunodeficiency associated with he
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immunoenhancement 365 immunofluores
Page 382 and 383: immunoglobulin A (IgA) 367 immunogl
Page 384 and 385: immunoglobulin δ chain 369 immunog
Page 386 and 387: immunoglobulin G (IgG) 371 immunogl
Page 388 and 389: immunoglobulin M (IgM) 373 immunogl
Page 390 and 391: immunoglobulin monomer 375 immunogl
Page 392 and 393: immunoglobulin structure 377 immuno
Page 394 and 395: immunologic facilitation (facilitat
Page 396 and 397: immunologist 381 immunophenotyping
Page 398 and 399: immunoprophylaxis 383 immunoregulat
Page 400 and 401: immunotactoid glomerulopathy 385 in
Page 402 and 403: indirect tag assays 387 infectious
Page 404 and 405: inflammatory myopathy 389 influenza
Page 406 and 407: influenza virus vaccine 391 innate
Page 408 and 409: instructive theory of antibody form
Page 410 and 411: interallelic conversion 395 intercr
Page 412 and 413: interferon γ-1b (injection) 397 in
Page 414 and 415: interleukin-1 receptor antagonist p
Page 416 and 417: interleukin-2 receptor α subunit (
Page 418 and 419: interleukin-5 (IL5; eosinophil diff
Page 420 and 421: interleukin-6 receptor 405 interleu
Page 422 and 423: interleukin-8 receptor, type A (IL8
Page 424 and 425: interleukin-11 receptor (IL11R) 409
Page 426 and 427: interleukin-15 (IL15) 411 interleuk
Page 428 and 429: interleukin-20 (IL20) 413 interleuk
Page 430 and 431: interleukin-33 (IL33) 415 intracell
Page 434 and 435: iridovirus immunity 419 islet cell
Page 436 and 437: isoelectric point (pI) 421 isotypes
Page 438 and 439: Disulfide bonds β pleated sheets C
Page 440 and 441: Jerne network theory 425 Jo-1 syndr
Page 442: jugular bodies 427 juvenile rheumat
Page 445 and 446: kallidin 430 Kawasaki’s disease E
Page 447 and 448: Kidd blood group system 432 kinetoc
Page 449 and 450: KLH 434 Koprowski, Hilary (1916-) p
Page 451 and 452: Kupffer’s cell 436 Kveim reaction
Page 453 and 454: lamina propria 438 laminin receptor
Page 455 and 456: Landsteiner’s rule (historical) 4
Page 457 and 458: LATS (long-acting thyroid stimulato
Page 459 and 460: lectin-like receptors 444 lepra cel
Page 461 and 462: leukemia 446 leukemia viruses Leuke
Page 463 and 464: leukocyte culture 448 leukocytoclas
Page 465 and 466: levamisole 450 Levine, Philip Phili
Page 467 and 468: light chain deficiencies 452 light
Page 469 and 470: linked recognition 454 linked recog
Page 471 and 472: linked suppression 456 Listeria imm
Page 473 and 474: liver-kidney microsome 1 (LKM-1) au
Page 475 and 476: LPS-binding protein (LBP) 460 lupus
Page 477 and 478: lymphatic system 462 lymph node cau
Page 479 and 480: lymphocyte-activating factor (LAF)
Page 481 and 482: lymphocyte homing 466 lymphocyte tr
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lymphocytotoxin 468 lymphoid tissue
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lysogeny 470 lytic granules lysogen
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macrophage 472 macrophage INFγ Mac
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macrophage colony-stimulating facto
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macrophage migration test 476 Madse
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major histocompatibility complex cl
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MART-1 (M2-7C10), mouse 480 mast ce
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maternal antibodies 482 matrix meta
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M component 484 Medawar, Peter Bria
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medulla 486 membrane attack complex
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membrane cofactor of proteolysis (M
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mesangial phagocytes 490 methotrexa
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MHC class III proteins 492 MHC rest
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microinjection 494 microorganisms M
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MiHA 496 Miller-Fisher syndrome (MF
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MIP-2 (macrophage inflammatory prot
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mixed agglutination 500 mixed lymph
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Mo1 502 molecular (DNA) typing (seq
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monoclonal antibody HECA-452 504 mo
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monoclonal immunoglobulin 506 monoc
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monogamous multivalency 508 monomer
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mononuclear phagocyte 510 Montagnie
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μ heavy chain disease 512 mucosal
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multiple autoimmune disorder (MAD)
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muramyl dipeptide (MDP) 516 myasthe
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Mycoplasma-AIDS link 518 myelin aut
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myelogenous leukemia 520 myocardial
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N addition Appending nucleotides by
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natural killer gene complex (NKC) 5
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N-formyl peptide receptor (FPR) 527
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neural cell adhesion molecule L1 (N
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neutrophil activating protein 1 (NA
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Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS) 53
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nonresponder 535 normal lymphocyte
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nuclear matrix protein 537 nutritio
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O125 (ovarian celomic) Nonmucinous
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oncogene 541 one-turn recombination
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oral tolerance 543 Orthoclone OKT®
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Oudin, Jacques (1908-1986) 545 ovar
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owl eye appearance 547 oxygen-depen
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P Abbreviation for properdin. Also
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palivizumab (injection) 551 PAP (pe
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papain hydrolysis 553 paracrine fac
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parasite immunity 555 parietal cell
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passive agglutination test 557 pass
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Pasteurella immunity 559 pathogen-a
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PCP 561 pemphigus foliaceus PCP Abb
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penicillin hypersensitivity 563 pep
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Percoll® 565 peripheral lymphoid o
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persistent generalized lymphadenopa
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phagocyte disorders 569 phagocytosi
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phagolysosome 571 phorbol ester(s)
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phytoimmunity 573 pituitary autoant
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plaque-forming cells 575 plasma cel
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plasmid 577 platelet antigens plasm
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PMN 579 POEMS syndrome PMN Abbrevia
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polyagglutination 581 polyclonal ly
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polymeric Ig 583 polymyositis (PM)
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positive induction apoptosis 585 po
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preactivation 587 pre-B cell recept
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precipitation in gel media 589 prec
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Pressman, David 591 primary biliary
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primary tumor 593 private specifici
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progressive transformation of germi
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prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) 59
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protein S 599 protoplast protein S
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pseudoallergy 601 psoriasis vulgari
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purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PN
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Q fever An acute disease caused by
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R5 viruses CCR5-binding HIV strains
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adioimmunodiffusion test 609 radiol
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Raji cell assay for CIC 611 rapamyc
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RB200 613 reactive oxygen species (
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ecombinant vaccine 615 refractory c
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elative risk (RR) 617 reptile immun
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estitope 619 reticulin autoantibodi
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etrovirus 621 reverse transcriptase
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hesus blood group system 623 rhesus
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heumatoid arthritis cell (RA cell)
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Ricinus communis 627 RNA polymerase
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Rood, J. J. van 629 Rose-Waaler tes
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RPR (rapid plasma reagin) test 631
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Sabin-Feldman dye test 634 SAMS loc
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sarcoma 636 scavenger receptors Ope
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schlepper 638 scratch test schleppe
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secondary immune response 640 secre
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secretory piece 642 selective IgA d
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self antigen 644 senescent cell ant
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sequential determinant 646 serology
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serum sickness 648 severe combined
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Sézary syndrome 650 Shwartzman (or
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sia test (historical) 652 side chai
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signal sequence 654 single cysteine
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Sips distribution 656 Sjögren’s
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skin-reactive factor (SRF) 658 slow
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smooth muscle antibodies (SMAs) 660
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soluble cytokine receptors 662 spec
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spectrotype 664 splenic cords spect
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spontaneous cancer 666 SS-A/Ro in t
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steric hindrance 668 Streptococcus
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Strongyloides immunity 670 superant
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suppressor T cells (Ts cells) 672 S
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SXY-CIITA regulatory system 674 syn
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systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
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T1DM Abbreviation for type 1 diabet
Page 696 and 697:
Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (uromodu
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T cell antigen-specific suppressor
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T cell receptor (TCR) 685 T cell re
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T cell tolerance 687 telencephalin
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terminal deoxynucleotidyl transfera
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tetanus toxoid 691 Th cells tetanus
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T h1 cells 693 Theiler’s virus my
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three-signal model of lymphocyte ac
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thymic humoral factors (THFs) 697 t
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thymus 699 thymus Marrow stem cell
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thymus cell differentiation 701 thy
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thymus-independent (TI) antigen 703
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tissue transglutaminase autoantibod
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T lymphocyte antigen receptor (TCR)
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tolerosome 709 tonsil Susumu Tonega
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toxin-1 (TSST-1) 711 TRALI (transfu
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TRANCE (RANK ligand) 713 transformi
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transgenes 715 translation chills,
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T reg cells 717 triple response of
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tuberculin hypersensitivity 719 tum
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tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL
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tumor necrosis factor (TNF) recepto
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type I cytokine receptors 725 type
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type II interferon 727 type III imm
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typhus vaccination 729 tyrosine kin
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ulcerative colitis (immunologic col
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US28 734 uveitis Rhus toxicodendron
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valence 736 varicella valence The n
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vascular permeability factors 738 V
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venom 740 V gene Ileum Lumen the fi
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Videx® 742 viral hemagglutination
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vitamin B and immunity 744 vitronec
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Vpr (HIV) 746 V T region of lysis o
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warm antibody 748 Wegener’s granu
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Whipple’s disease 750 Winn assay
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Wu-Kabat plot 752 W, X, Y boxes (MH
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xenotype 754 X-linked lymphoprolife
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Rosalyn Sussman Yalow. Yalow, Rosal
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zinc and immunity 760 zinc and immu
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Appendix I Expression On most cells
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Appendix I 765 Mouse CD Chart Antig
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Activation unit Appendix II Complem
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III Appendix III 782 Cytokines and
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Appendix IV Chemokines and Their Re
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Appendix V Human Leukocyte Differen
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Appendix V 789 Human Leukocyte Diff
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Editorial Staff Jeanann Lovell Sugg
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