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intraepidermal lymphocytes 416 Inv marker
intraepidermal lymphocytes
Primarily CD8 + T cells within the epidermis. Murine intraepidermal
lymphocytes express mainly the γδ receptor. It is
believed that these cells have a more restricted repertoire of
antigen receptors than those homing to extracutaneous sites.
Most skin-associated lymphocytes are found in the dermis,
with only about 2% in the epidermis. Intraepidermal lymphocytes
express CLA-1, which may play a role in homing.
intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs)
Lymphocytes present in the intestinal epithelium or other
specialized epithelial layer. αβ and γδ lymphocytes resident
in the intestinal epithelium or specialized layer tend to congregate
in the epithelium as intestinal IELs, and iIELs, and
in superior layers of the skin as dendritic epidermal T cells.
Intraepithelial NK cells may also be present.
intraepithelial pocket
An invagination within the follicle-associated epithelium
produced by infolding of an M cell basolateral surface.
Comprises CD4 + memory T cell subpopulations, naïve B
cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages. Enables interaction
with antigens conveyed through M cells by transcytosis.
intraepithelial T lymphocytes
T lymphocytes present in the epidermis and in the mucosal
epithelial layer. They characteristically manifest a limited
diversity of antigen receptors. They may identify glycolipids
from microbes, associated with nonpolymorphic major
histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-like molecules.
They can function as effector cells of innate immunity and
facilitate host defense by secreting cytokines, activating
phagocytes, and destroying infected cells.
intramolecular epitope spreading
A mechanism whereby the immune response is first
directed against epitopes in one area of an antigenic molecule
and then responds to additional, non-crossreactive
epitopes on the same molecule.
intrathecal chemotherapy
The administration of a chemotherapeutic drug beneath the
spinal cord’s protective sheath.
intravenous immune globulin (IVIG)
An immunoglobulin preparation comprised principally of
immunoglobulin G (IgG) derived from the blood plasma of
about 1000 donors. This preparation may be effective against
hepatitis A and B, cytomegalovirus, rubella, varicella zoster,
tetanus, and various other agents. IVIG is administered to
children with common variable immunodeficiency, X-linked
agammaglobulinemia, and other defects of the antibody limb
of the immune system. Although acquired immune deficiency
syndrome (AIDS) is a CD4 + T cell defect, IVIG may
help to protect against microbial infection in HIV-I-infected
children. It may also be effective in autoimmune or idiopathic
thrombocytopenia, autoimmune neutropenia, or Kawasaki’s
disease. IVIG may induce anaphylactic reactions and fever,
headaches, muscle aches, and cardiovascular effects on blood
pressure and heart rate.
intrinsic affinity
Synonym for intrinsic association constant.
intrinsic apoptotic pathway
A means whereby mammalian cell apoptosis is initiated
by inducing alterations in the mitochondrial membrane
leading to the release of cytochrome c, which interacts with
caspase-9 and Apaf-1 in the apoptosome, which activates
the caspase-3 cascade.
intrinsic association constant
The association constant that describes univalent ligand
binding to a special site on a protein macromolecule if all
sites of this type are identical and noninteracting when
found on the same molecule. Equilibrium dialysis and other
techniques that determine bound and free ligand concentration
evaluate the intrinsic association constant.
intrinsic asthma
Nonallergic or idiopathic asthma that usually occurs first
during adulthood and follows a respiratory infection.
Patients experience chronic or recurrent obstruction of
bronchi associated with exposure to pollen or other allergens.
This is in marked contrast to patients with extrinsic
(allergic) asthma mediated by immune (IgE) mechanisms
in the bronchi. Intrinsic asthma patients have negative skin
tests to ordinary allergens when the IgE contents of their
sera are normal. They manifest eosinophilia. There is no
family history of atopic diseases.
intrinsic factor
A glycoprotein produced by parietal cells of the gastric
mucosa required for vitamin B 12 absorption. A lack of
intrinsic factor leads to vitamin B 12 deficiency and pernicious
anemia.
intrinsic factor antibodies
Antibodies found in three fourths of pernicious anemia
patients that are specific for either the binding site (type I or
blocking antibodies) or some other intrinsic factor antigenic
determinant (type II antibodies).
intron
Structural gene segment not transcribed into RNA. Introns
have no known function and are believed to be derived from
“junk” DNA.
inulin
A homopolysaccharide of d-fructose found in selected
plants such as dahlias. Although it is used to measure renal
clearance, soluble inulin is known to activate the alternative
complement pathway.
Inv
Former designation for human κ light polypeptide chain
allotype; allotypic epitopes in the immunoglobulin κ light
chain constant region. Km replaced Inv.
Inv allotype
Early terminology for Km allotype; Km is now the preferred
nomenclature.
Inv allotypic determinant
Refer to Km allotypic determinant.
Inv marker
Refer to Km allotypic determinant.
Intact li
HSP
β chain α chain
Invariant chain promotes assembly of class II heterodimers from free
chains.