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interleukin-33 (IL33) 415 intracellular signaling pathway
interleukin-33 (IL33)
An IL1-like cytokine that signals via the IL1 receptorrelated
protein ST 2 and induces T helper type II-associated
cytokines. IL33 also activates NF-κB and MAP kinases.
In vivo, it induces the expression of IL4, IL5, and IL13 and
leads to severe pathological changes in mucosal organs.
interleukin-34 (IL34; FPT025)
A 242-amino acid cytokine secreted with signal peptide.
It has no sequence homology to known cytokines or other
genes. Human primary monocytes are target cells of this
cytokine. It activates ERK1/2 phosphorylation in monocytic
THP-1 in the Th1 cell line. IL34 is expressed in human
spleen, skin, brain, and other tissues. It promoted formation
of myeloid lineage colonies (CFU-M) in a human bone marrow
formation assay, and enhanced proliferation of cells
with myeloid cell surface markers from human monocytes.
IL34 functions as a novel ligand of the CSF-1 receptor and
participates in the regulation of myeloid lineage differentiation,
proliferation, and survival.
intermediate filaments
Lineage-specific 7- to 11-nm diameter intracellular filaments
observed by electron microscopy. They are intermediate
in size between actin microfilaments (6-nm diameters) and
microtubules (25-nm diameters). They are detected in cell
and tissue preparations by monoclonal antibodies specific
for the filaments and are identified by the immunoperoxidase
method. The detection of various types of intermediate
filaments in tumors is of great assistance in determining the
histogenetic origins of many types of neoplasms.
intermolecular epitope spreading
A phenomenon in which the immune response is first
directed against a single antigenic molecular epitope and
then responds to epitopes on different proteins.
internal image
According to the Jerne network theory, antibodies are
produced against the antibodies induced by an external
antigen. Some of the antiantibodies produced will bear
idiotopes that precisely fit the paratope or antigen-binding
site of the original antibody against the external antigen.
Because the antibody bears close structural similarity to
the epitope on the antigen molecule that was originally
administered, it serves as the internal image of the antigen
and thus acquired the name.
international unit of immunological activity
The use of an international reference standard of a biological
preparation of antiserum or antigen of a precise weight
and strength. The potencies or strengths of biological
preparations such as antitoxins, vaccines, and test antigens
derived from microbial products and antibody preparations
may be compared against such standards.
interstitial dendritic cells
Dendritic cells found in most organs such as heart, lungs,
liver, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract.
interstitial fluid
Fluid present in the spaces between cells of an organ or tissue.
interstitial nephritis
Inflammation characterized by mononuclear cell (lymphocytic)
infiltrate in the interstitia surrounding renal tubules
following autoantibody reaction with tubular basement membranes
in the kidneys. Other etiologies include analgesic abuse.
intervening sequence
Refer to intron.
intestinal cryptopatches
Tiny areas of lymphoid tissue in the lamina propria of
the small intestinal crypts that represent sites of extrathymic
lymphopoiesis.
intestinal follicles
Lymphoid follicles present in the lamina propria of the
intestine as Peyer’s patches, in the appendix, or scattered
individually. A follicle consists of a germinal center comprised
of B cells and follicular dendritic cells covered by a
dome of dendritic cells, macrophages, CD4 + T cells, regulatory
T cells, and mature B cells. Follicles are encircled by
CD4 + Th and CD8 + T cells.
intestinal lymphangiectasia
Escape of immunoglobulins and other proteins and lymphocytes
into the intestinal tract as a consequence of lymphatic
dilation in the intestinal villi. The loss of immunoglobulin
leads to secondary immunodeficiency. In addition to
primary intestinal telangiectasia, obstruction of lymphatic
drainage of the intestine produced by a lymphoma represents
a secondary type.
intimin
A bacterial membrane protein expressed on enteropathogenic
Escherichia coli that can bind to both α 4β1 and α 4β7 integrins.
intolerance
Adverse reactivity following administration of normal
doses of a drug.
intrabody
Intracellular antibody that binds the key targets to inhibit
tumor growth. It is postulated that this may be accomplished
by gene therapy. Intrabodies can be expressed
within mammalian cells in precise locations by modifying
intrabody genes (in scFv or Fab format) with sequenceencoding
classical intracellular trafficking signals.
intracellular antigen
Endogenous antigen.
intracellular bacterium
A bacterium that survives or replicates in the endosomes of
cells. Cell-mediated immunity is the main defense against
these intracellular microorganisms.
intracellular cytokine staining
The use of fluorescent-labeled anticytokine antibodies to stain
permeabilized cells that synthesize the cytokine in question.
intracellular immunization
Interference with wild-type virus replication by a dominant,
negative, mutant, viral gene. The action has been suggested
to be of possible use in protecting cells against HIV-1
infection because of the easy accessibility of CD4 + cells.
By using tat, gag, and rev mutant genes and a mutant CD4
cell that bears the KDEL sequence, HIV envelope protein
transport to the cell surfaces is inhibited.
intracellular pathogens
Microorganisms, including viruses and bacteria, that grow
within cells.
intracellular signaling pathway
The mechanism whereby ligand binding to its cell surface
receptor ultimately activates new gene expression patterns
in the cell nucleus. Interaction between ligand and receptor
activates a sequence of interactions among proteins,
including enzymes and adaptors, leading to activation of
transcription factors with access to the nucleus where they
change transcription patterns of genes governing cellular
proliferation, differentiation, and effector functions.
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