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interleukin-25 (IL25) 414 interleukin-32 (IL32)
monocytes, macrophages, and Th2 cells. Other sources
include melanocytes, breast epithelium, fibroblasts (rat),
monocytes, vascular and smooth muscle, NK, B, and naïve
T cells. It acts on nonhematopoietic tissues including skin,
lung, and reproductive tissues. It has important functions in
wound healing, psoriasis, and cancer. It is also involved in
megakaryocyte differentiation, induces apoptosis of human
breast tumor cells, and induces IL6 and TNF-α formation
by monocytes. It shares receptors with IL20 and IL19. The
IL24 gene is present on chromosome 1 in humans.
interleukin-25 (IL25)
A member of the IL17 cytokine family secreted by Th2
helper T cells and mast cells. It is also called IL17E. It facilitates
the synthesis of other cytokines such as IL4, IL5, and
IL13 in numerous tissues that induce the expansion of eosinophils.
Lineage-negative cells with high MHC class II levels
are targets of IL25. It supports proliferation of lymphocytes,
signature Th2 effects: induces serum IgG1 and IgE, increases
eosinophil production and inflammation and mediates its
effects through the induction of IL4, IL5 and IL13. It is significant
in controlling gut immunity and has been implicated
in chronic inflammation of the GI tract. The IL25 gene is in
a chromosomal region associated with autoimmune diseases
of the GI tract, including inflammatory bowel disease, even
though it has not been shown to play a role in this disorder.
Its receptor is the thymic-shared antigen TSA-1.
interleukin-26 (IL26)
A 171-amino acid protein and member of the IL10 family of
cytokines. It was previously called AK155 and is composed
of a signal sequence, six helices, and four conserved
cysteine residues. It is expressed in selected herpesvirustransformed
T cells but not in primary stimulated T cells.
Cell sources include CD4, CD45RO T cells, NK cells, and
Th1 cells. It signals through a receptor complex consisting
of IL20 receptor 1 and IL10 receptor 2. Signaling through
this pathway permits the rapid phosphorylation of transcription
factors STAT1 and STAT3, thus enhancing IL10 and
IL8 secretion, and facilitates CD54 expression on epithelial
cell surfaces. The target of IL26 action is the epithelial cell.
interleukin 27 (IL27)
A heterodimeric cytokine of the IL12 family composed of
two subunits, Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-induced gene 3
(EBI3, also known as IL27B) and IL27-p28 (also termed
IL28). Mature dendritic cells serve as sources of IL17. Its
targets are NK cells and naïve CD4 + T cells. It induces
proliferation of naïve, but not memory, CD4 + T cells and
serves as an initial activator of Th1 responses (induces
T-bet; downregulates GATA-3). Its effects are listed by its
interaction with a specific cell surface receptor complex
comprised of IL27R and gp130. The gene symbol of IL27
refers to its IL30 subunit. WSX-1/T cell cytokine receptor
(TCCR) and gp130 are receptors for IL27.
interleukin 28 (IL28)
A cytokine that exists in two isoforms: IL28A and IL28B.
It has a significant role in immune defense against viruses.
The isoforms are members of the type III interferon
cytokine family and closely resemble IL29 in amino acid
sequence. IL28 genes are positioned near IL29 on chromosome
19 in humans.
interleukin 28A (IL28A)
Also called IFN-λ2, related to IL10 and type I IFNs.
Produced by plasmacytoid dendritic cells, induced by virus
infection or double-stranded RNA. Most tissues except
brain and spinal cord serve as targets. It has antiviral activity,
inhibiting replication of the hepatitis B and C viruses;
induces oligoadenylate synthetase and MxA; and upregulates
class I MHC. It shares a receptor with IL28B and
IL29, IL28Rα /IFN-λR1, and IL10Rβ.
interleukin-28B (IL28B)
Also known as IFN-λ3 and related to IL10 and type I IFNs.
It is synthesized by plasmacytoid dendritic cells, induced
by virus infection of dsRNA. Most tissues except brain
and spinal cord serve as targets. It exerts antiviral activity,
inhibiting replication of hepatitis B and C viruses; induces
oligoadenylate synthetase and MxA; and upregulates class I
MHC. It shares a receptor with IL28A and IL29, IL28Rα /
IFN-λR1, and IL10Rβ.
interleukin-29 (IL29)
A helical cytokine family member and type III interferon,
also called IFN-λ1. Related to IL10 and type I IFNs.
Produced by plasmacytoid dendritic cells, induced by
virus infection or dsRNA. Most tissues other than brain
and spinal cord serve as targets. It has antiviral activity
(inhibits replication of hepatitis B and C viruses); induces
oligoadenylate synthetase and MxA; and upregulates class
I MHC. It has an amino acid sequence similar to those of
IL28 and other type III interferons. It plays a significant
role in host defense against microorganisms and its gene is
highly upregulated in virus infected cells. The IL29 gene
is positioned on chromosome 19 in humans. It shares a
receptor with IL28A and IL28B, IL28Rα/IFN-λR1, and
IL10Rβ.
interleukin-30 (IL30)
A 28-kDa protein that comprises one chain of the heterodimeric
cytokine known as IL27. Thus IL30 is also
called IL27-p28. The other chain of IL27 is termed an
Epstein–Barr-induced gene 3 (EBI3). It is a member of the
long chain, four-helix bundle cytokine family; this explains
its structural similarity to IL6. IL27 triggers expansion of
antigen-specific naïve CD4 + T cells and facilitates development
of a Th1 phenotype with expression of interferon-γ.
IL27 acts synergistically with IL12 and binds to WSX1. The
IL30 gene is designated IL27 under HGNC rules.
interleukin-31 (IL31)
A cytokine with a four-helix bundle structure, synthesized
by type 2 helper T (Th2) cells. It is structurally similar to
IL6 cytokines. It signals via a receptor complex comprised
of IL31 receptor A (IL31RA) and oncostatin M receptor
subunits that are expressed by activated monocytes and
unstimulated epithelial cells. IL31 is believed to have a role
in skin inflammation.
interleukin-32 (IL32)
A cytokine that induces the secretion of tumor necrosis
factor-α (TNF-α) by immune system cells including monocytes
and macrophages in addition to chemokines such as
IL8 and MIP-2/CXCL2. IL32 induces various cytokines,
human TNF-α, and IL8 in THP-1 monocytic cells, as well
as mouse TNF-α and MIP-2 in raw macrophages. It activates
typical cytokine signal pathways of nuclear factor-κ B
(NF-κB) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Induced
in human peripheral lymphocytes after mitogen stimulation,
in human epithelial cells by IFN-γ and in NK cells
after exposure to IL12 plus IL18, IL32 is believed to play a
role in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.