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interleukin-20 (IL20) 413 interleukin-24 (IL24)
activities of these two cytokines overlap and that both may
play important roles in regulating development and proper
functioning of the skin. In contrast to IL10, which forms an
intercalated dimer, the IL19 molecule is a monomer comprised
of seven amphipathic helices designated A through
G, creating a unique helical bundle.
interleukin-20 (IL20)
A member of the IL10 cytokine family. Its overexpression
in transgenic mice causes neonatal lethality with skin
abnormalities that include aberrant epidermal differentiation.
It is synthesized by activated keratinocytes and
monocytes, and mediates an intracellular signal through
two distinct cell surface receptor complexes on keratinocytes
and other epithelial cells. Recombinant IL20 protein
stimulates a signal transduction pathway through STAT3
in a keratinocyte line. An IL20 receptor was identified as
a heterodimer to orphan class II cytokine receptor subunits.
Both receptor subunits are expressed in skin and are
significantly upregulated in psoriatic skin. IL20 regulates
proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes during
inflammation, especially that associated with the skin. It
also induces expansion of multi-potential hematopoietic
progenitor cells.
interleukin-21 (IL21)
A cytokine most closely related to IL2 and IL15. It exerts
powerful regulatory effects on immune system cells including
natural-killer (NK) and cytotoxic T cells that can fatally
injure virally infected or tumor cells. IL21 activates cell
division and/or proliferation of its target cells. Its action on
immune system cells is through its cell surface receptor,
IL21R, expressed on bone marrow cells and lymphocytes.
In vitro assays suggest that IL21 plays a role in proliferation
and maturation of NK cell populations from the bone marrow
and in the proliferation of mature B cell populations,
costimulating with anti-CD40 and in the proliferation of T
cells, costimulating with anti-CD3.
interleukin-22 (IL22)
A human cytokine distantly related to IL10 and produced
by activated T cells. It was previously called IL10-related
Interleukin-22.
T cell-derived inducible factor (IL-TIF). It is a ligand for
CRFs 2 through 4 and a member of the class II cytokine
receptor family. Human IL-TIF activates the transcription
factors STAT1 and STAT3 in selected hepatoma cell lines
and upregulates synthesis of acute phase proteins including
serum amyloid A, 1-antichymotrypsin, and haptoglobin in
HepG2 human hepatoma cells. IL22 signals through the
interferon receptor-related proteins CFT2 through 4 and
IL22R. IL22 does not bind the IL10 receptor. In contrast to
IL10, IL22 does not inhibit the synthesis of proinflammatory
cytokines by monocytes in response to lipopolysaccharide
(LPS), nor does it affect IL10 function on monocytes.
It exerts a modest inhibitory effect on IL4 synthesis by Th2
T cells.
(A) IL-23 is a biologically active cytokine composed of two subunits:
p19 and the p40 subunit of IL-12. (B) IL-23 binds specifically to the
IL-12Rβ 1 subunit and can stimulate IFN-γ production and proliferation
in PHA blast T cells and activated CD45RO (memory) T cells.
interleukin-23 (IL23)
A heterodimeric cytokine comprised of two parts, the p40
subunit of IL12 with a different p19 subunit (the IL23α
subunit). It is produced predominantly by macrophages
and dendritic cells and shows activity on memory T cells.
It may also affect macrophage function directly. It has a
significant role in the inflammatory response to infection
and promotes upregulation of the MMP9 matrix metalloprotease,
increases angiogenesis and diminishes CD8 + T
cell infiltration. It has been implicated in the development
of malignant neoplasms. IL23 along with IL6 and TGF-β1
induces naïve CD4 + T cells to differentiate into Th17
cells that are distinct from classical Th1 and Th2 cells.
Th17 cells synthesize IL17, a proinflammatory cytokine
that promotes T cell priming and stimulates synthesis of
proinflammatory molecules that include IL1, IL6, TNF-α,
NOS-2, and chemokines leading to inflammation. Knockout
mice deficient in p40 or p19 or in one of the IL23 receptor
subunits reveal milder symptoms of multiple sclerosis and
inflammatory bowel disease, pointing to the significance of
IL23 in the inflammatory pathway.
interleukin-24 (IL24)
A member of the IL10 family of cytokines that signals
through two heterodimeric receptors: IL20R1/IL20R2 and
IL22R1/IL20R2. Based on its role as a tumor suppressing
protein, it is also known as melanoma differentiation-associated
7 (mda-7). It controls cell survival and proliferation
by initiating rapid activation of the transcription factors designated
STAT1 and STAT3. It is synthesized by activated
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