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interleukin-10 (IL10) 408 interleukin-11 (IL11)
investigations on murine models of asthma show that this
cytokine is a determining factor in the pathogenesis of bronchial
hyperresponsiveness. The murine IL9 receptor encodes
a 469-amino acid polypeptide with two potential N-linked
glycosylation sites and six cysteine residues in the extracellular
domain. Contemporary research suggests that IL9R is
a member of the hematopoietin receptor superfamily.
Interleukin-10.
Interleukin-10 crystal structure.
interleukin-10 (IL10)
A multifunctional cytokine synthesized by CD4 Th2 cells
that inhibits activation and effector functions of T cells,
mononocytes, and macrophages. It has diverse effects on
hematopoietic cell types and ultimately terminates inflammatory
responses. IL10 regulates growth and/or differentiation
of B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, cytotoxic and helper
T cells, mast cells, granulocytes, dendritic cells, keratinocytes,
and endothelial cells. It plays a key role in differentiation
and function of T regulatory cells that are critical in the
control of immune responses and tolerance in vivo.
interleukin-10 (IL10) cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor
An 18-kDa polypeptide devoid of carbohydrates in
humans that acts as a cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor.
COOH
Interleukin-10 receptor.
It is expressed by CD4 + Th2 and CD8 + T lymphocytes,
monocytes and macrophages, activated B lymphocytes,
B lymphoma cells, and keratinocytes. It downregulates the
expression of Th1 cytokines, MHC class II antigens and
costimulatory molecules on macrophages. It enhances B
cell survival, proliferation, and antibody synthesis. This
cytokine can block NF-κB activity and participates in the
regulation of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. It inhibits
some immune responses and facilitates others. It inhibits
cytokine synthesis by Th1 cells and blocks antigen presentation
and the formation of interferon γ (IFN-γ). It also
inhibits the ability of macrophages to present antigen and
form IL1, IL6, and TNF-α. It also participates in IgE regulation.
Although IL10 suppresses cell-mediated immunity,
it stimulates B lymphocytes, IL2, and IL4 T lymphocyte
responsiveness in vitro, and murine mast cells exposed to
IL3 and IL4. IL10 may have potential for suppressing T
lymphocyte autoimmunity in multiple sclerosis and type
I diabetes mellitus and in facilitating allograft survival.
Murine Th2 cells secrete IL10, which suppresses synthesis
of cytokines by Th1 cells. Knockout studies in mice suggest
that this cytokine functions as an essential immunoregulator
in the intestinal tract. Mouse studies also show that IL10
is produced by mast cells, counteracting their inflammatory
effects at sites of allergic reactions. In humans, the
IL10 gene is located on chromosome 1 and consists of five
exons. The IL10 protein is a homodimer. Each subunit is
178 amino acids long. The principal function of IL10 is to
inhibit activated macrophages, thereby maintaining homeostatic
control of innate and cell-mediated immune reactions.
interleukin-11 (IL11)
A cytokine produced by stromal cells derived from the
bone marrows of primates. It activates B cells and megakaryocytes
and serves as a growth factor that induces
IL6-dependent murine plasmacytoma cells to proliferate.
IL11 has several biological actions that include its
hematopoietic effect. In humans, the genomic sequence and