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innocent bystander 392 instructive theory
innocent bystander
A cell that is fatally injured during an immune response
specific for a different cell type.
innocent bystander hemolysis
Drugs acting as haptens induce immune hemolysis of
“innocent” red blood cells. The reaction is drug-specific
and involves complement through activation of the alternate
complement pathway. The direct antiglobulin (Coombs’)
test identifies split products that are membrane associated,
yet the indirect Coombs’ test remains negative.
inoculation
The introduction of an immunogen into an animal to
induce immunity, usually to protect against an infectious
disease agent.
Inosiplex (isoprinosine)
An immunomodulating agent that increases natural killer
cell cytotoxicity as well as T cell and monocyte functional
activites. It has produced slight benefits in acquired immune
deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients and has been used in
Europe to treat diverse immunodeficiency diseases but is
not yet approved for use in the United States.
inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3)
A signaling molecule in the cytoplasms of lymphocytes
activated by an antigen formed by phospholipase C (PLC
γ 1)-mediated hydrolysis of plasma membranes. Phospholipid
PIP 2. The principal function of IP 3 is to induce the release
of intracellular Ca 2+ from membrane-bound compartments
such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
In situ hybridization.
in situ hybridization
A technique to identify specific DNA or RNA segments in
cells or tissues, viral plaques, or colonies of microorganisms.
DNA in cells or tissue fixed on glass slides must be
denatured with formamide before hybridization with a
radiolabeled or biotinylated DNA or RNA probe that is
complementary to the tissue mRNA sought. Proof that the
probe has hybridized to its complementary strand in the
tissue or cell under study must be by autoradiography or
enzyme-labeled probes, depending on the technique used.
in situ transcription
A method in which mRNA acts as a template for complementary
DNA for reverse transcription in tissues that have
been fixed.
insect resistance (immunity)
Toll receptors in insects induce the formation of antimicrobial
proteins in response to molecular motifs present on
Insect.
the insect pathogen surfaces and fungal polysaccharides.
Infection of higher insects leads to the rapid production of
antimicrobial peptides after activation of transcription factors
that link to promoter sequence configurations homologous to
regulatory features of the acute phase response in animals.
Drosophila have toll molecules that serve as receptors for
PAMPs that activate NFκB. A loss of function toll mutation
renders these flies susceptible to infection by fungi.
Antimicrobial peptides synthesized by insects include cyclic
peptides, including anti-Gram-positive defensins (4kDa) and
drosomycin, a 5-kDa antifungal agent. Infection-induced
linear peptides include cecropins that induce lethal injury
of microbial membranes by producing ion channels. Other
linear peptides include anti-Gram-negative glycine and
proline-rich polypeptides. Integrins in insects may be related
to complement receptor CR3.
Institut Paris Pasteur.
Institut Pasteur, Paris
Famous research center founded by Louis Pasteur, and the
site of many discoveries in immunology and microbiology,
including the AIDS virus for which the Nobel Prize in
Medicine was awarded in 2008.
instructional model
A theory of antibody diversity postulating that antigen
serves as a template for the antibody, which assumes a
complementary shape.
instructive theory
A hypothesis that postulates acquisition of antibody specificity
after contact with a specific antigen. According to one
template theory of antibody formation, it is necessary for
an antigen to be present during the process of antibody synthesis.
According to the refolding template theory, uncommitted
and specific globulins may become refolded upon
the antigen, serving as a template for it. The cell released
complementary antibodies that rigidly retained their shapes
through disulfide bonding. This theory had to be abandoned