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influenza virus vaccine 391 innate immunity against intracellular bacteria
B cells into antibody-secreting plasma cells. Influenza
A virus infection primes the host for a secondary CD8 +
T lymphocyte response to other influenza A viruses.
Influenza-immune CD4 + helper T cells are specific for
viral peptides presented in the context of self major histocompatibility
complex (MHC) class II glycoproteins.
influenza virus vaccine
Purified and inactivated immunizing preparation made
from viruses grown in eggs. It cannot lead to infection. For
example, it might contain H1N1 and H3N2 type A strains
and one type B strain. These are the strains considered most
likely to cause influenza in the United States. Whole- and
split-virus preparations are available; children tolerate the
split-virus preparation better than the whole-virus vaccine.
The vaccine is a polyvalent immunizing preparation that
contains inactivated antigenic variants of the influenza
virus (types A and B) individually or combined for annual
use. It protects against epidemic disease and the morbidity
and mortality induced by influenza virus, especially in the
aged and chronically ill. The vaccine is reconstituted each
year to protect against the strains of influenza virus present
in the population. For active immunization against specific
strains of influenza virus. Highly recommended for all
individuals over the age of 6 months who, because of age or
underlying medical conditions, are at increased risk of complications
from influenza. Healthcare workers and others in
close contact with high risk people should be vaccinated.
Fluvirin is not indicated in children below 4 years of age.
FluMist is indicated for healthy children and adolescents
(5 to 17 years of age) and healthy adults (18 to 49 years of
age). Influenza A viruses are classified into subtypes based
on their surface antigens designated hemagglutinin (H) and
neuraminidase (N). Immunity against these surface antigens,
especially the hemagglutinin, diminishes the likelihood
of infection and severity of disease if infection occurs.
Influenza vaccines are standardized to contain hemagglutinins
of strains, typically two type A and one type B,
representing the influenza viruses postulated to circulate
in the United States in the upcoming influenza season.
The vaccine is prepared from highly purified egg-grown
viruses made from noninfectious (inactivated) preparations.
Subvirion and purified surface antigen preparations
are also available. Since the vaccine viruses are initially in
embryonated hens’ eggs, the vaccine may contain minute
quantities of residual egg protein. The trivalent influenza
vaccine prepared for the 2006–2007 season contained
A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1), A/Wisconsin/67/2005
(H3N2), and B/Malaysia/2506/2004 antigens. These viruses
were used because they were postulated to be representative
of the influenza viruses likely to circulate in the United
States during the 2006–2007 influenza season. Influenza
vaccine is available in a split-virus preparation that causes
diminished febrile reactions. Thus, the split-virus vaccines
are recommended for use in children younger than 13 years
of age. Split-virus vaccines may also be referred to as subvirion
or purified surface antigen vaccines.
inhibin (R1), mouse
Anti-inhibin α is an antibody against a peptide hormone
that has demonstrated utility in differentiation between
adrenal cortical tumors and renal cell carcinoma. Sex cord
stromal tumors of the ovary and trophoblastic tumors also
demonstrate cytoplasmic positivity with this antibody.
inhibition test
(1) Blocking an established serological test such as agglutination
or precipitation through the addition of an antigen for
which the antibody in the test system is specific; it shows
the specificity of the reactants. (2) Inhibition of an antigen–
antibody interaction through the addition of a hapten for
which the antibody is specific; refer to hapten inhibition
test. (3) Preventing the action of a virus through addition of
an antibody specific for the virus.
inhibition zone
Refer to prozone.
initiation
The initial event in carcinogenesis. A cell in which a mutation
is not repaired gains an irreversible growth advantage and
makes it a target cell for subsequent malignant transformation.
innate or constitutive defense system
Humans are confronted with a host of microorganisms
with the potential to induce serious or fatal infections, but
nature provided appropriate molecules, cells, and receptors
that can protect against these microbes. Many of these
defenses are general or nonspecific and do not require
previous exposure to the offending pathogen (or closely
related organism). These important mechanisms constitute
the innate or constitutive defense system. Another important
defense system is acquired immunity that can develop
after contact with an organism through infection (overt or
subclinical).
innate defense system
General or nonspecific system that does not require
previous exposure to an offending pathogen (or closely
related organism).
innate immune mechanisms against parasites
Whereas parasitic stages isolated from invertebrates may be
lysed through activation of the alternate complement pathway,
parasites isolated from humans and other veterbrate
hosts are often susceptible to complement lysis. This may
be attributable to disappearance of surface molecules that
activate complement or adherence to the surfaces of decayaccelerating
factor (DAF) or other regulatory proteins.
innate immunity
Natural or native immunity present from birth and designed
to protect the organism from injury or infection without
previous contact with infectious agents. Attributable to
physical, chemical, and molecular defenses that prevent
contact with antigens in a nonspecific manner. Also mediated
by PRM and PRR receptors that identify a selected
number of molecular patterns shared by a broad spectrum
of pathogenic organisms. Does not involve immunological
memory: there is no difference in the kinetics and magnitude
of primary and secondary immune responses. It
includes such factors as protection by the skin, mucous
membranes, lysozyme in tears, stomach acid, and other
factors. Phagocytes, natural killer cells, complement, and
cytokines represent key participants in natural innate
immunity.
innate immunity against intracellular bacteria
Natural or native immunity that is frustrated by the
resistance of many intracellular microbes to intracellular
dissolution. Thus, the natural immune mechanism
of phagocytosis is of little use in controlling infection by
intracellular microorganisms. Bacteria of this category may
persist in the tissues, leading to chronic infection.
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