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indirect tag assays 387 infectious mononucleosis
interaction with antigen is detected by the use of a fluorochrome-labeled
antibody specific for the primary antibody.
indirect tag assays
A two-step method in which the union of antigen with
antibody is monitored by tagging a third constituent that
unites with the unlabeled antigen–antibody pair. This third
component is usually a secondary antibody, protein A or G,
or the biotin–avidin system.
indirect template theory (historical)
A variation of the template hypothesis postulating that
instructions for antibody synthesis were copied from the
antigen configuration into the DNA encoding the specific
antibody. This was later shown to be untenable and is of
historical interest only.
indolent
A tumor in which the transformed cells undergo relatively
slow growth and progression of the neoplasm is gradual.
indomethacin
Indomethacin (1-[4-chlorobenzylyl]-5-methoxy-2-methyl-
1H-indole-3-acetic acid) is a drug that blocks synthesis of
prostaglandin. It is used for therapy of rheumatoid arthritis
and ankylosing spondylitis and may counter the effects of
suppressor macrophages.
induced fit
The theory that an antigen may affect conformation of
the antigen-binding site of an antibody molecule or T
cell receptor to render a better fit with antigen. The same
concept applies to peptide binding in MHC class I and II
protein grooves.
inducer
A substance that promotes cellular differentiation, such as a
colony-stimulating factor.
inducer determinant
Hapten determinant.
inducer T lymphocyte
A cell required for the initiation of an immune response.
The inducer T lymphocyte recognizes antigens in the
context of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
class II molecules. It stimulates helper, cytotoxic, and
suppressor T lymphocytes, whereas helper T cells activate
B cells. The human leukocyte common antigen variant,
termed 2H4, occurs on the inducer T cell surface,
and 4B4 surface molecules are present on CD4 + helper
T cells. CD4 + T lymphocytes must be positive for either
4B4 or for 2H4.
inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)
A mechanism of macrophages or various other cells to
activate NO synthesis in response to numerous stimuli. This
mechanism represents a principal mechanism of host resistance
against murine intracellular infection and may occur
in humans as well. Enzyme generated principally in phagocytes
by products of microbes or proinflammatory cytokines.
Transforms arginine to citrulline and nitric oxide,
which is toxic to pathogens that have been endocytosed.
inductive phase
The time between antigen administration and detection of
immune reactivity.
inductive site
Small patches of mucous membrane that overlie organized
lymphoid follicles and contain M cells. A localized mucosal
area where antigen induces a primary adaptive immune
response.
inert particle agglutination tests
Assays that employ particles of latex, bentonite, or other
inert materials to adsorb soluble antigen on their surfaces
to test for the presence of specific antibody in the passive
agglutination test. The particles coated with adsorbed
antigen agglutinate if antibody is present. An example is
the rheumatoid arthritis (RA) test in which pooled human
immunoglobulin G (IgG) is adsorbed to latex particles that
agglutinate if combined with a serum sample containing
rheumatoid factor (i.e., anti-IgG autoantibody).
infantile agammaglobulinemia
Synonym for X-linked agammaglobulinemia.
infantile sex-linked hypogammaglobulinemia
Antibody deficiency syndrome that is sex linked and occurs
in males following the disappearance of passively transferred
antibodies from the mother following birth. Serum
immunoglobulin concentrations are relatively low, and
antibody synthesis is defective, giving rise to recurring bacterial
infections. Cell-mediated immunity remains intact.
infection
A consequence of the adherence and penetration by a
pathogen into a host body through successful avoidance of
innate host defense mechanisms, allowing the infectious
agent to reproduce.
infection allergy
T cell-mediated, delayed-type hypersensitivity associated
with infection by selected microorganisms such
as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, representing type IV
hypersensitivity to antigenic products of microorganisms
inducing a particular infection. This hypersensitivity also
develops in brucellosis, lymphogranuloma venereum,
mumps, and vaccinia. Also called infection hypersensitivity.
infection or bacterial allergy
A hypersensitivity, especially of the delayed T cell type,
that develops in subjects infected with certain microorganisms
such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and certain
pathogenic fungi.
infection hypersensitivity
Tuberculin-type sensitivity that is more evident in some
infections than others. It develops with great facility in
tuberculosis, brucellosis, lymphogranuloma venereum,
mumps, and vaccinia. The sensitizing component of the
antigen molecule is usually protein, although polysaccharides
may induce delayed reactivity in cases of systemic
fungal infections such as those caused by Blastomyces,
Histoplasma, and Coccidioides.
infectious bursal agent
A virus infection of cells in the bursa of Fabricius in young
chicks, leading to destruction of the bursa and most of the
antibody-producing capability of the animal.
infectious mononucleosis
A disease of teenagers and young adults characterized by
sore throat, fever, and enlarged lymph nodes. Atypical
large lymphocytes with increased cytoplasm, which is also
vacuolated, are found in the peripheral blood and have been
shown by immunophenotyping to be T cells that are apparently
responding to Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-infected B
lymphocytes. Lymphocytosis, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia
are also present. Patients also develop heterophile
antibodies that agglutinate horse, ox, and sheep red
blood cells as revealed by the Paul–Bunnell test. Infectious
mononucleosis is the most common condition caused by
I