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immunotactoid glomerulopathy 385 inbred strain
tumors in aged individuals who have decreased immune
competence, (2) increased tumor incidence in children with
T cell immunodeficiencies, and (3) the development of neoplasms
(lymphomas) in a significant number of organ and
bone marrow transplant recipients who have been deliberately
immunosuppressed.
immunotactoid glomerulopathy
A renal malady characterized by glomerular deposits of
fibrillar material comprised of 10- to 48.9-nm microfibrils
or microtubules as viewed by electron microscopy. These
deposits are not birefringent when stained with Congo red
and examined by polarizing light microscopy; this differentiates
them from amyloid. Usually, no extraglomerular fibrillar
deposits are present, differentiating the condition from
amyloid or light chain deposition. It is not associated with
concomitant systemic disease such as cryoglobulinemia
or systemic lupus erythematosus. The condition typically
affects middle-aged males who may manifest hypertension,
nephritic range proteinuria, and microscopic hematuria.
immunotherapy
A treatment mechanism in which therapy is aimed at targets
of the immune system that include antigen-presenting cells,
activated T cells, macrophages, and B cells. The term also
refers to the therapeutic use of immunological reagents
such as antibodies, T cells, or their modifications. Both
types have been applied to animal models of autoimmune
diseases, and attempts are in progress to apply immunotherapy
to human autoimmune diseases. A principal goal
of immunotherapy is to selectively diminish the unwanted
immune response but retain protective immune mechanisms.
Selective immunosuppression involves the induction
of immunologic tolerance, which is antigen-induced specific
immunosuppression. Oral tolerance also shows promise.
Trials are being conducted with peptide-induced tolerance,
peptide–MHC complexes, and TCR peptides. Bystander
suppression, nonspecific immune suppression, and antibodydependent
immunotherapy are other treatment modalities.
immunotoxicology
The study of adverse effects on the immune system that
result directly or indirectly from occupational, environmental,
or therapeutic exposure to chemicals (including drugs),
biologic materials, and in some cases physiologic factors,
referred to as agents.
Antibody
specific for
tumor cell
Immunotoxin
molecule
Antibody/toxin
complex
Tumor cell
Immunotoxin.
Epitopes
immunotoxin
The linkage of a monoclonal antibody or monoclonal
antibody derivative specific for target cell antigens with
a cytotoxic substance such as the ricin toxin to yield an
immunotoxin. Upon parenteral injection, its antibody portion
directs the immunotoxin to the target and its toxic portion
destroys target cells on contact. Among its uses is the purging
of T cells from hematopoietic cell preparations used for bone
marrow transplantation. An immunotoxin is produced by the
union of a monoclonal antibody or one of its fractions with a
toxic molecule such as a radioisotope, bacterial or plant toxin,
or chemotherapeutic agent. The antibody portion is intended
to direct the molecule to antigens on a target cell, such as
those of a malignant tumor. The purpose of the toxic portion
of the molecule is to destroy the target cell. Contemporary
methods of recombinant DNA technology have permitted the
preparation of specific hybrid molecules for use in immunotoxin
therapy. Immunotoxins may have difficulty reaching
the intended target tumor, may be quickly metabolized,
and may stimulate the development of antiimmunotoxin
antibodies. Crosslinking proteins may likewise be unstable.
Immunotoxins have potential for antitumor therapy and as
immunosuppressive agents.
immunotoxin-induced apoptosis
Immunotoxins are cytotoxic agents usually assembled as
recombinant fusion proteins composed of a targeting domain
and a toxin. The targeting domain controls the specificity of
action and is usually derived from an antibody Fv fragment,
a growth factor, or a soluble receptor. The protein toxins
are obtained from bacteria e.g., Pseudomonas endotoxin
(PE) or diphtheria toxin (DT), or from plants, e.g., ricin.
Immunotoxins have been studied as treatments for cancer,
graft-vs.-host disease, autoimmine diseases, and AIDS. The
PE and DT act via the ADP ribosylation of elongation factor
2, thereby inactivating it. This results in the arrest of protein
synthesis and subsequent cell death. These toxins can also
induce apoptosis, although the mechanism is unknown. Two
common features of apoptotic cell death are the activation of a
group of cysteine proteases called caspases and the caspasecatalyzed
cleavage of so-called “death substrates” such as the
nuclear repair enzyme poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP).
immunotyping
Refer to immunophenotyping.
inaccessible antigens
Refer to hidden determinant (epitope).
inactivated poliovirus vaccine
An immunizing preparation prepared from three types of
inactivated polioviruses. Also called Salk vaccine.
inactivated vaccine
An immunizing preparation that contains microorganisms
such as bacteria or viruses that were killed to stop their replication
while preserving their protection-inducing antigens.
Formaldehyde, phenol, and β-propiolactone have been used
to inactivate viruses. Formaldehyde, acetone, phenol, and
heating have been used to kill bacteria for use in vaccines.
inactivated virus vaccine
Refer to killed virus vaccine.
inactivation
A term used mostly by immunologists to signify loss
of complement activity in a serum sample treated with
hydrazine or heated to 56°C for 30 minutes. Inactivation
also applies to chemical or heat treatment of pathogenic
microorganisms in a manner that preserves their antigenicity
for use in inactivated vaccines.
inbred mouse strain
Refer to inbred strain.
inbred strain
Laboratory animals developed by sequential brother–sister
matings. After 20 generations, the animals (e.g., mice) are
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