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immunoscintigraphy 384 immunosurveillance
5d
Immunoscintigraphy (nude mouse) with a 131 I-labeled monoclonal antibody.
The mouse shown bears a human colon carcinoma in its left flank.
The scintigrams were recorded 2, 5, and 7 days after injection. While the
second picture shows mainly the blood pool and little of the tumor, the
tumor is the major imaged spot in the body after 5 days; after 7 days, only
the tumor is recognizable.
immunoscintigraphy
The formation of two-dimensional images of the distribution
of radioactivity in tissues following the administration
of antibodies labeled with a radionuclide that are specific
for tissue antigens. A scintillation camera is used to record
the images.
immunoselection
The selective survival of cells due to their diminished
surface antigenicity, which permits these cells to escape the
injurious effects of antibodies or immune lymphoid cells.
immunosenescence
The age-associated decrease of the immune system and host
defenses. Cell-mediated immunity declines in the elderly,
who develop secondary decreases in humoral immunity.
Elderly persons may have defective host defenses that place
them at a greater risk for developing infectious diseases and
may manifest increased risks of morbidity and mortality
from infectious diseases.
immunosome
The complete membrane complex of antigen-stimulated T
cell receptor, CD3 chains, costimulatory and adhesion molecules,
coreceptors, and other signaling molecules linked
with the lipid rafts of activated T cells.
immunosuppression
Decreased or abolished immune responsiveness. Can be
mediated by immunosuppressive cytokines, immunosuppressive
drugs, anti-cytokine antibodies or antibodies
against lymphocytes. (1) The deliberate administration of
drugs, such as cyclosporine, azathioprine, corticosteroids,
FK506, or rapamycin, or the administration of specific
antibody, or the use of irradiation to depress immune reactivity
in recipients of organ or bone marrow allotransplants.
(2) Profound depression of immune responses in patients
2d
7d
with certain diseases such as acquired immune deficiency
syndrome (AIDS), in which the helper/inducer (CD4 + ) T
lymphocytes are destroyed by the human immunodeficiency
virus 1 (HIV-1). In addition to these examples of nonspecific
immunosuppression, antigen-induced specific immunosuppression
is associated with immunologic tolerance.
Stem cell
Proliferation:
Cyclosporine
Azathioprine
Methotrexate
Dactinomycin
Cyclophosphamide
Prednisone
Differentiation:
antilymphocytic
globulin
T cell Antibodies
Antigen recognition:
antilymphocytic globulin
monoclonal anti-
T cell antibodies
Immunosuppressive drugs: a summary.
immunosuppressive agent
A drug such as cyclosporine, FK506, rapamycin, azathioprine,
or corticosteroids; an antibody such as antilymphocyte
serum; or irradiation that produces mild to profound
depression of a host’s ability to respond to an immunogen
(antigen), as in the conditioning of an organ allotransplant
recipient. Substances that inhibit adaptive immune
responses may be used also to treat autoimmune diseases.
immunosuppressive cytokines
Cellular chemical mediators such as IL10 and TGFβ that
diminish immune system cell activation by hindering intracellular
signaling pathways.
immunosuppressive drugs
Therapeutic substances that diminish immune responses
by inhibiting lymphocyte homing receptors. Costimulation,
proliferation, activation-induced cell death (AICD), or leukocyte
function or trafficking. May also decrease cytokine
or chemokine expression or antigen uptake by dendritic
cells. Inhibit adaptive immune responses.
immunosurveillance
The monitoring function by cells of the immune system
in recognizing, reacting against, and fatally injuring
aberrant cells (e.g., neoplastic cells) that arise by
somatic mutation and express new antigens (neoantigens).
Immunosurveillance is believed to be mediated by the
cellular limb of the immune response. Indirect evidence in
support of the concept includes (1) increased incidence of