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adrenal autoantibody (AA) 23 AET rosette test (historical)
Adrenal autoantibody.
adrenal autoantibody (AA)
Autoantibody found in two thirds of idiopathic (autoimmune)
patients with Addison’s disease. Although once the
most common cause of Addison’s disease, tuberculosis is
now only infrequently associated with it. Adrenal autoantibodies
react with the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex.
The autoantigens linked to this disease are cytochrome
P-450 enzyme family members that participate in steroidogenesis
in the adrenal and other steroid-producing organs.
The enzyme autoantigens include P-450 steroid 21 hydroxylase
(21 OH), P-450 side chain cleavage enzyme (P-450
scc), and 17 α-hydroxylase (17-α-OH). Autoantibodies in
adult patients with autoimmune Addison’s disease may
be directed against cytochrome P-450 steroid 21 OH, the
only adrenal-specific enzyme. Other autoantibodies such
as those against P-450 scc present in the adrenals, gonads,
and placenta, and 17-α-OH present in the adrenals and
gonads are found in autoimmune polyglandular syndromes
(APGSs). APGS type I autoimmune polyendocrinopathy–
candidiasis–ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) begins in
early childhood with mucocutaneous candidiasis followed
by Addison’s disease and often gonadal failure in hypoparathyroidism.
APS type II (Schmidt syndrome) is mostly an
adult disease inherited in an autosomal-dominant manner
and is marked by a variable combination of Addison’s
disease, insulin-dependent type I diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
and autoimmune thyroid disorders. It is likened to HLA-
DR3. Steroid cell antibodies have been associated with
autoimmune gonadal failure. They are present in 18% of
patients with Addison’s disease, alone or in association with
APGS. The most frequently encountered autoantigen in
Addison’s disease is the adrenal cytochrome P-450 enzyme
21 OH. Autoantibodies to 17-α-OH are found in 55% of
APTS type I patients and in 33% of APGS type II patients.
Autoantibodies against P-450 scc are found in 45% of
APGS type I patients and 42% of APGS type II patients.
adrenergic receptor agonists
The β2-adrenergic receptor is expressed on Th1 but not on
Th2 clones. An agonist for this receptor selectively suppresses
IFN-γ synthesis in vitro; increases IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10
synthesis in spleen cells from treated mice; and increases IgE
levels in vivo. Epinephrine and norepinephrine inhibit IL-12
synthesis but enhance IL-10 formation. β2-adrenergic receptor
stimulation favors Th2 immune responses.
adrenergic receptors
Structures on the surfaces of various types of cells that are
designated α or β and interact with adrenergic drugs.
adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) antibody
A polyclonal antibody preparation useful in immunoperoxidase
procedures to stain corticotroph cells of the pituitary
gland and benign and malignant tumors arising from these
cells in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue biopsies.
adsorption
The elimination of antibodies from a mixture by adding
particulate antigen or the elimination of particulate antigen
from a mixture by adding antibodies. The incubation of
serum-containing antibodies such as agglutinins with red
blood cells or other particles may allow their removal due to
sticking to the particle surface.
adsorption chromatography
A method to separate molecules based on their adsorptive
characteristics. Fluid is passed over a fixed solid stationary
phase.
adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Embarrassed respiratory function as a consequence of
pulmonary edema caused by increased vascular permeability.
adult T cell leukemia lymphoma (ATLL)
A lymphoproliferative neoplasm of mature lymphocytes
that progresses rapidly. It has been linked to the
HTLV-1 retrovirus infection observed in Japan, Africa,
the Caribbean, and southeastern United States. Patients
develop hypercalcemia, progressive skin changes, enlarged
hilar, retroperitoneal, and peripheral lymph nodes without
mediastinal node enlargement. Involvement of the lungs,
gastrointestinal tract, and central nervous system and
opportunistic infections may also be observed. The condition
occurs in five clinical forms.
Cytokeratin cocktail⎯prostate.
AE1/AE3 pan-cytokeratin monoclonal antibody
An antibody that provides the broadest spectrum of keratin
reactivity among the 19 catalogued human epidermal keratins
and produces positive staining in virtually all epithelia.
AET rosette test (historical)
A technique used previously to enumerate human T cells
based upon the formation of sheep red cell rosettes surrounding
them. The use of sheep red cells treated with
aminoethylthiouridium bromide renders the rosettes more
stable than using sheep red cells untreated by this technique.
The rosette test technique was replaced by the use of
anti-CD2 monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry.
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