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immunodeficiency with thrombocytopenia 364 immunoelectrophoresis (IEP or IE)
or humoral (antibody) immunity, a few manifest profound
reductions in their serum immunoglobulin concentrations.
This has been suggested to be due to malignant expansion
of their T suppressor lymphocytes.
immunodeficiency with thrombocytopenia
Synonym for Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome.
immunodeficiency with thrombocytopenia and
eczema (Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome)
An X-linked recessive disease characterized by thrombocytopenia,
eczema, and susceptibility to recurrent infections,
sometimes leading to early death. The lifespan of young boys
is diminished as a consequence of extensive infection, hemorrhage,
and sometimes malignant disease of the lymphoreticular
system. Infectious agents affecting these individuals
include the Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, fungi,
and viruses. The thymus is normal morphologically, but there
is a variable decline in cellular immunity that is thymus-dependent.
The lymph node architecture may be altered as paracortical
areas become depleted of cells with progression of the
disease. IgM levels in serum are low, but IgA and IgG may
be increased. Isohemagglutinins are usually undetectable in
the serum. Patients may respond normally to protein antigens,
but show defective responsiveness to polysaccharide antigens.
There is decreased immune responsiveness to lipopolysaccharides
from enteric bacteria and B blood group substances.
immunodeficiency with thymoma
An abnormality in B cell development with a striking
decrease in B cell numbers and immunoglobulins
in selected patients with thymoma. Their cell-mediated
immunity progressively decreases as the disease continues.
Most patients develop chronic sinopulmonary infections.
Approximately 20% develop thrombocytopenia, and about
25% have splenomegaly. Immunoglobulin class alterations
are variable. Skin test reactivity and responsiveness to skin
allografts are decreased. Patients have few or no lymphocytes
expressing surface immunoglobulin. The disease is
due to a stem cell defect. The preferred treatment is γ globulin
administration.
immunodiagnosis
The use of antibody assays, immunocytochemistry, identification
of lymphocyte markers, and other techniques to
diagnose infectious diseases and malignant neoplasms.
immunodiffusion
A method in which antigen and antibody are placed in wells at
different sites in agar gel and are permitted to diffuse toward
each other. The formation of precipitin lines at their points of
contact in the agar gel signifies a positive reaction, showing
that the antibody is specific for the antigen in question.
Multiple variations of this technique have been described.
immunodominance
The immune response-generating capacity of the part of
an epitope on an antigen molecule that serves as an immunodominant
area providing the principal binding energy for
reaction with a paratope on an antibody molecule or with a T
cell receptor for antigen. The hapten portion of a hapten–carrier
complex is often the immunodominant part of the molecule.
Immunodominance refers to the region of an antigenic
determinant that is the principal binding site for antibody.
immunodominant epitope
The antigenic determinant on an antigen molecule that
binds or fits best with the antibody or T cell receptor specific
for it.
immunodominant site
Refer to immunodominant epitope.
Immunodrug Platform
A virus bacteria chimera developed by Marten Bachmann
of Cytos Biotechnology in 2006. A segment from mycobacterial
DNA long known to induce a strong immune
response is incorporated into virus-like particles. Packaging
the DNA inside the virus-like particles protects it from
degradation and delivers it to dendritic cells that influence
T cell responses. This preparation induces an antiallergenic
response whether or not it is combined with an offending
allergin prior to injection.
immunodysregulation, polyendocrinopathy,
enteropathy X-linked (IPEX) syndrome
An autoimmune disease that is X-linked and associated
with inflammation of numerous tissues and the synthesis
of autoantibodies specific for antigens of the pancreatic
islets, thyroid and adrenal glands, smooth muscle, intestine,
and kidney. It is attributable to a mutation of the FOXP3
transcription factor requisite for IL2 expression and the
generation and function of T regulatory cells.
immunoelectroadsorption
A quantitative assay for antibody using a metal-treated
glass slide to adsorb antigen followed by antibody from
serum. Adsorption is facilitated by an electric current.
Measurement of the antibody layer’s thickness reflects the
serum concentration.
immunoelectron microscopy
Traditionally, the use of antibodies labeled with ferritin
to study the ultrastructures of subcellular organelles and,
more recently, the use of immunogold labeling and related
procedures for the identification and localization of antigens
by electron microscopy.
immunoelectroosmophoresis
Refer to counter immunoelectrophoresis.
–
γ globulin
Myeloma globulin
β
Normal serum
Antihuman serum
Myeloma serum (IgG)
Albumin
immunoelectrophoresis (IEP or IE)
A method to identify antigens on the basis of their electrophoretic
mobility, diffusion in gel, and formation of
precipitation arcs with specific antibody. Electrophoresis in
gel is combined with diffusion of a specific antibody in a gel
α 2
α 1
Immunoelectrophoresis (IEP).
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