Untitled - D Ank Unlimited

immune exclusion 357 immune–neuroendocrine axis
% Injected I*HSA in Total Blood Volume
Equilibration
100
10
1
2
4
Catabolic decay
complexes that have already fixed complement. This is
followed by removal of immune complexes through the
phagocytic actions of mononuclear phagocytes. Immune
elimination also describes an assay to evaluate the antibody
response by monitoring the rate at which a radiolabeled
antigen is eliminated in an animal with specific (homologous)
antibodies in the circulation.
immune exclusion
Prevention of antigen entry into the body by the products of
a specific immune response, such as the blocking of access
by an antigen to the body by mucosal surfaces when secretory
IgA specific for the antigen is present.
immune globulin, human (intravenous, IVEEGAM EN)
Indicated for replacement therapy in individuals with
primary immunodeficiency syndromes including congenital
agammaglobulinemia, common variable immunodeficiency,
X-linked agammaglobulinemia (with or without hyper IgM)
and Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome. Patients with severe combined
immunodeficiency have an impairment of antibody
synthesis and T cell defects. Thus, they may benefit from
replacement therapy with immune globulin even though
the therapy does not correct their basic cellular defects.
Immune globulin IV (human) is very effective in providing
high levels of circulating antibodies within a short time
when intramuscular injections are contraindicated. It has
also been used for Kawasaki syndrome and has other unlabeled
uses including post-transfusion purpura, Guillain-
Barré syndrome, and chronic inflammatory demyelinating
polyneuropathy. It is also useful in treatment of selected
autoimmune diseases such as rhesus hemolytic disease,
factor VIII deficiencies, bullous pemphigoid, rheumatoid
arthritis, Sjögren’s syndrome, type I diabetes mellitus, IgG4
subclass deficiencies, intractable epilepsy (possibly caused
by IgG2 subclass deficiency), cystic fibrosis, trauma, thermal
injury (e.g., severe burns), cytomegalovirus infection,
neuromuscular disorders, prophylaxis of infections associated
with bone marrow transplantation, and GI protection
(i.e., oral administration).
6
8
10
Days after Injection of I*HSA
Immune elimination.
Immune
elimination
12
14
immune hemolysis
The lysis of erythrocytes through the action of specific
antibody and complement.
immune inflammation
Reaction to injury mediated by an adaptive immune
response to antigen. Neutrophils and macrophages responding
to T cell cytokines may comprise the inflammatory cellular
infiltrate.
immune interferon
Synonym for interferon-γ.
immune modulation
Refer to immunomodulation.
immune modulator
An agent that alters the level of an immune response.
immune network hypothesis of Jerne
The antigen-binding sites (paratopes) of antibody molecules
are encoded by variable region genes and have idiotopes as
phenotypic markers. Each paratope recognizes idiotopes on
a different antibody molecule. Interaction of idiotypes with
anti-idiotypes is physiologic idiotypy and is shared among
immunoglobulin (Ig) classes. This comprises antibodies
produced in response to the same antigen. The idiotypic
network consists of the interaction of idiotypes involving
free molecules as well as B and T lymphocyte receptors.
Idiotypes are considered central in immunoregulation
involving autoantigens.
immune–neuroendocrine axis
A bidirectional regulatory circuit exists between the
immune and neuroendocrine systems that affect each
other. Receptors for neurally active polypeptides, neurotransmitters,
and hormones are present on immune
system cells, whereas receptors reactive with products of
the immune system may be identified on nervous system
cells. Neuroendocrine hormones have variable immunoregulatory
effects mediated through specific receptors.
Neurotransmitter influence on cell function is determined in
part by the receptor-linked signal amplification associated
with second messenger systems. Neuroimmunoregulation
is mediated either through a neural pathway involving pituitary
peptides and adrenal steroid hormones or through a
second pathway consisting of direct innervation of immune
system tissues. The thymus, spleen, bone marrow, and
perhaps other lymphoid organs contain afferent and efferent
nerve fibers. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH),
endorphins, enkephalins, and adrenal cortical steroids
derived from the pituitary represent one direction for modulating
the immune response. For example, prolactin (PRL)
regulates lymphocyte function. Stimulated lymphocytes or
nonstimulated macrophages may produce neuroendocrine
hormone-related peptides, ACTH, and endorphins. The participation
of these substances in a stress response represents
the opposite direction of regulation. Thymic hormones may
also induce an endocrine response. Neuroendocrine hormones
may exert a positive or negative regulatory effect on
macrophages that play a key role in both inflammation and
immune responsiveness. Leukocyte mediators are known to
alter both central nervous system and immune system functions.
Interleukin-1 (IL1) acts on the hypothalamus to produce
fever and participates in antigen-induced activation.
IL1 is synthesized by macrophages and plays a major role in
inflammation and immune responsiveness. Substance P (SP)
has been postulated to have an effect in hypersensitivity
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