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immediate spin cross match 355 immune complexes
immediate spin cross match
A test for incompatibility between donor erythrocytes and
recipient serum. This assay reveals ABO incompatibility
in most cases but is unable to identify immunoglobulin G
(IgG) alloantibodies against erythrocyte antigens.
immobilization test
A method for the identification of antibodies specific
for motile microorganisms by determining the ability of
antibody to inhibit motility. This may be attributable to
adhesion or agglutination of the microorganisms’ flagella or
cell wall injury when complement is present.
immune
Having natural or acquired resistance to a disease. A
subclinical infection with a causative agent or deliberate
immunization with antigenic substances prepared from
it may render a host immune. Because of immunological
memory, the immune state is heightened upon second
exposure to an immunogen. A subject may become immune
as a consequence of having experienced and recovered from
an infectious disease.
immune adherence
Attachment of antigen–antibody complexes or of antibody-coated
bacteria or other particles carrying C3b or
C4b to complement receptor 1 (CR1)-expressing cells.
Erythrocytes of primates, B cells, T cells, phagocytic
cells, and glomerular epithelial cells all express CR1. It is
absent on the erythrocytes of other mammals but is found
on their thrombocytes. Immune adherence facilitates the
elimination of antigen–antibody complexes from the blood
circulation, especially through their attachment to red blood
cells and platelets followed by uptake by phagocytic cells
through CR 3.
immune adherence receptor
Synonym for complement receptor 1.
immune antibody
An antibody induced by transfusion or other immunogenic
challenge in contrast to a natural antibody such as an isohemagglutinin
against ABO blood group substances found
in humans.
immune cell cryopreservation
The use of glycerol and dimethylsufoxide (DMSO) to
cryopreserve bone marrow for transplantation first involves
freezing at a constant rate of 1°C min –1 to –79°C, followed
by storage for a 6-month period. Dye exclusion is used to
test cells for viability after thawing. Lymphocytes have
been cryopreserved for in vitro studies using 15% DMSO
and stored in liquid nitrogen (–196°C) for 3 months followed
by an assay for viability.
immune cell motility
Migration of immune cells is a principal host defense
mechanism for the recruitment of leukocytes to inflammatory
sites in the development of cell-mediated immunity.
The induction of migratory responses follows the interaction
of signal molecules with plasma membrane receptors,
initiating cytoskeletal reorganization and changes in cell
shape. Motile responses may be random, chemokinetic,
chemotactic, or haptotactic. Random migration of unstimulated
motility and chemokinetic migration (i.e., stimulated
random movement of cells without a stimulus gradient)
are motile responses that are not consistently directional.
By contrast, directional responses include those that are
chemotactic and haptotactic. They take place when cells are
subjected to a signal gradient, and the cells migrate toward
an increasing concentration of the stimulus. The various
motile responses may participate in the mobilization of
immune cells to sites of inflammation.
immune clearance
Refer to immune elimination.
immune complex coated bodies
Refer to iccosomes.
immune complex disease (ICD)
As described for the type III hypersensitivity reaction,
the fates of antigen–antibody complexes depend in part
on their size. The larger insoluble immune complexes
are removed by the mononuclear phagocyte system. The
smaller complexes become lodged in the microvasculature
such as the renal glomeruli. They may activate the complement
system and attract polymorphonuclear neutrophils,
initiating an inflammatory reaction. The antigen of an
immune complex may be from microorganisms such as
streptococci leading to subepithelial deposits in renal
glomeruli in post-streptococcal glomerulonephritism, or
they may be endogenous, such as DNA or nuclear antigens
in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Diphtheria
antitoxin prepared in horses induced serum sickness when
the foreign horse serum proteins stimulated antibodies in
human recipients. Immune complex disease is characterized
clinically by fever, joint pain, lymphadenopathy,
eosinophilia, hypocomplementemia, proteinuria, purpura,
and urticaria, among other features. Laboratory techniques
to detect immune complexes include the solid-phase Clq
assay, the Clq-binding assay, the Raji cell technique, and
the staphylococcal protein assay, among other methods.
Most autoimmune diseases have type III (antigen–antibody
complex)-mediated mechanisms. Connective tissue diseases
such as SLE, polyarteritis nodosa, progressive systemic
sclerosis, dermatomyositis, rheumatoid arthritis, and others
fall within this category. Viral infections such as hepatitis
B, cytomegalovirus, infectious mononucleosis, dengue,
and neoplasias such as carcinomas and melanomas, may be
associated with immune complex formation. Refer to type
III hypersensitivity reaction.
immune complex glomerulonephritis
Inflammation induced by antigen–antibody complexes
deposited in the renal glomeruli leading to impairment of
renal function.
immune complex pneumonitis
A type III, immune complex, Arthus-type reaction in the
pulmonary alveoli.
immune complex reaction
Type III hypersensitivity in which antigen–antibody complexes
fix complement and induce inflammation in tissues
such as capillary walls.
immune complexes
The product of interaction between antigen and antigenspecific
antibody (refer also to antigen–antibody complex);
a macromolecular complex of antibody molecules that are
bivalent and antigen molecules that are multivalent and may
also contain complement components. Because antigens and
antibodies can combine in multiple proportions, the complexes
range from large (more easily removed by the mononuclear
phagocyte system) to small soluble complexes that
deposit in small blood vessel walls, leading to inflammation
and tissue injury. Refer also to type III hypersensitivity.
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