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adjuvant disease 21 adoptive immunity
attracts a large number of cells to the area of antigen deposition
to provide increased immune responsiveness to it. Modern
adjuvants include such agents as muramyl dipeptide. The ideal
adjuvant is biodegradable, allowing elimination from tissues
once its immunoenhancing activity has been completed. An
adjuvant nonspecifically facilitates an immune response to
antigen. An adjuvant usually combines with the immunogen
but is sometimes given prior to or following antigen administration.
Adjuvants represent a heterogeneous class of compounds
capable of augmenting the humoral or cell-mediated
immune response to a given antigen. They are widely used in
experimental work and for therapeutic purposes in vaccines.
Adjuvants include compounds of a mineral nature, products
of microbial origin, and synthetic compounds. The primary
effect of some adjuvants is postulated to be the retention of
antigen at the inoculation site so that the immunogenic stimulus
persists for a longer period. However, the mechanism by which
adjuvants augment the immune response is poorly understood.
The macrophages may be the targets and mediators of action
of some adjuvants, whereas others may require T cells for their
response augmenting effects. Adjuvants such as lipopolysaccharide
(LPS) may act directly on B lymphocytes. Adjuvants
enhance activation of T lymphocytes by facilitating the accumulation
and activation of accessory cells at a site of antigen
exposure. They facilitate expression by accessory cells of T cell
activating costimulators and cytokines and are believed to prolong
the expression of peptide–MHC complexes on the surfaces
of antigen-presenting cells (APCs).
Serum Antibody Concentration Units/ml
4
3
2
1
2
A
4
B
6
8
Weeks
Effect of adjuvants. Schematic representation of the quantities of antibodies formed by rabbits following a single injection of a soluble protein antigen
(arrow) such as a bovine gamma globulin in dilute physiologic saline solution (A), adsorbed on precipitated alum (B), or incorporated into Freund’s complete
adjuvant (C).
Freund’s adjuvant
Adjuvant disease.
Swollen joint
10
C
12
20
24
adjuvant disease
The injection of rats with Freund’s complete adjuvant, a
water-in-oil emulsion containing killed, dried mycobacteria
(e.g., Mycobacterium tuberculosis), leads to the production
of aseptic synovitis, which closely resembles rheumatoid
arthritis (RA) in humans. Sterile inflammation occurs in
the joints and lesions of the skin. In addition to swollen
joints, inflammatory lesions of the tail may also result in
animals developing adjuvant arthritis that represent animal
models for RA.
adjuvant granuloma
A tissue reaction that occurs at a local site following the
injection of such adjuvant materials as Freund’s complete
adjuvant and alum, both of which have been used extensively
in immunologic research in past years.
Control
spleen
cells
H-Cl
Donor Recipient
H-Cl
H-Cl
H-Cl
H-Cl
Adoptive immunity.
Primary
response
Secondary
response
Primary
response
adoptive immunity
Term assigned by Billingham, Brent, and Medawar (1955)
to transplantation immunity induced by the passive transfer
of specifically immune lymph node cells from an actively
immunized animal to a normal (previously nonimmune)
syngeneic recipient host.
A