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human SCID (hu-SCID) mouse 342 Hunter, John (1728–1793)
5' Long
terminal
repeat
gag gene vif gene vpu gene env gene
pol gene
cervical adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), cervical intraepithelial
neoplasia (CIN), vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN),
vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN), and CIN grade
1. Quadrivalent HPV (types 6, 11, 16 and 18) recombinant
vaccine should be given intramuscularly as three separate
0.5 mL doses according to the following schedule: first dose
at the elected date; second dose 2 months after first dose;
third dose 6 months after first. Refer also to Gardasil ® .
human SCID (hu-SCID) mouse
Because SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency)
mice have no functioning immune systems, xenogeneic
transplantation can be accomplished with little or no graft
rejection. This has led to the establishment of a chimeric
construct in which a functional human immune system
can be established within an SCID mouse (hu-SCID). This
model permits the evaluation of many important aspects
of human immune-mediated pathology. Other applications
of the hu-SCID model include the study of human infectious
diseases and the validation of novel immune-targeted
therapies. Currently, immune-mediated human diseases are
being re-created in hu-SCID mice.
human T lymphocyte
A human T lymphocyte encircled by rings of sheep red
blood cells (SRBCs) is referred to as an E rosette and was
used as a method to enumerate T lymphocytes.
humanization
The genetic engineering of murine hypervariable loop
specificity into human antibodies. The DNA encoding
hypervariable loops of murine monoclonal antibodies or V
regions selected in phage display libraries is inserted into
the framework regions of human immunoglobulin genes.
This technique permits the synthesis of antibodies of a
particular specificity without inducing an immune response
in the human subject treated with them.
humanize
To substitute, through genetic engineering, the CDR loops
in a human antibody molecule with the corresponding
murine antibody CDR sequences of a given specificity.
humanized antibody
An engineered antibody produced through recombinant
DNA technology. A humanized antibody contains the
antigen-binding specificity of an antibody developed in a
mouse, whereas the remainder of the molecule is of human
origin. To accomplish this, hypervariable genes that encode
the antigen-binding regions of a mouse antibody are transferred
to the normal human gene that encodes an immunoglobulin
molecule that is mostly human but expresses the
antigen-binding specificity of the mouse antibody in the
variable region of the molecule. This greatly diminishes
vpr gene
tat gene
rev gene
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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) genes.
3' Long
terminal
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nef gene
any immune response to the antibody molecule as a foreign
protein by the human host, while retaining the desired functional
capacity of reacting with the specific antigen.
humoral
The antibody limb of the immune response, in contrast to
the cell-mediated limb, together with the action of complement.
Thus, immunity based on antibodies or antibodies
and complement is produced and referred to as humoral
immunity. Humoral immunity of the antibody type represents
the products of the B cell system.
humoral antibody
Antibody found in the blood plasma, lymph, and other
body fluids. Humoral antibody, together with complement,
mediates humoral immunity, which is based upon soluble
effector molecules.
humoral immune response
Host defense mediated by antibody molecules found in the
plasma, lymph, and tissue fluids. This type of immunity
protects against extracellular bacteria in foreign micromolecules.
Humoral immunity may be transferred passively
with antibodies or serum containing antibodies.
humoral immunity
Immunity attributable to specific immunoglobulin antibody
and present in the plasma, lymph, other body fluids, and
tissues. The antibody may also adhere to cells in the form
of cytophilic antibodies. Antibody- or immunoglobulinmediated
immunity acts in conjunction with complement
proteins to produce beneficial (protective) or pathogenic
(hypersensitivity-tissue injuring) reactions. Antibodies that
are the messengers of humoral immunity are derived from
B cells. For purposes of discussion, humoral immunity
is separated from so-called cellular or T-cell-mediated
immunity; however, the two cannot be clearly distinguished
because antibodies and T cells often participate in immune
reactions together. However, the classification of humoral
separate from cellular immunity is useful in understanding
and explaining biological mechanisms.
hump
Immune deposits containing IgG and C3, as well as the
alternate complement pathway components, properdin,
and factor B, that occur in post-infectious glomerulonephritis
on the subepithelial sides of peripheral capillary
basement membranes. They resolve within 4 to 8 weeks
of the infection in most individuals. They may also
occur in selected other nonstreptococcal post-infectious
glomerulonephritides.
Hunter, John (1728–1793)
British surgeon, the “father of experimental surgery,” was
intrigued by the possibility of transplantation and was