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herpesvirus-8 immunity 323 heterophile antibody
response is strongly cross reactive among HHV-6 variants.
The T cell response to infection remains to be elucidated.
herpesvirus-8 immunity
Antibodies specific for a latent HHV-8 antigen and to a
recombinant structural antigen present in patients with
Kaposi’s sarcoma or those at risk for developing this disease.
Strong evidence links HHV-8 and the pathogenesis
of Kaposi’s sarcoma. Antibodies to HHV-8 antigens occur
more often in HIV-uninfected homosexual men than in the
general population including blood donors. Antibodies to
undefined structural HHV-8 antigens are present in one
quarter of all blood donors in North America; yet, antibodies
to the recombinant capsid-related and latent HHV-8
proteins are present in 0 to 2% of blood donors in North
America and Northern Europe.
herpes zoster
A viral infection that occurs in a band-like pattern according
to distribution in the skin-involved nerves. It is usually a
reactivation of the virus that causes chickenpox.
Herxheimer reaction
A serum sickness (type III) form of hypersensitivity that
occurs following the treatment of selected chronic infectious
diseases with an effective drug. When the microorganisms
are destroyed in large numbers in the blood
circulation, a significant amount of antigen is released from
the disrupted microbes that tend to react with preformed
antibodies in the circulation. This type of reaction has been
described after the use of effective drugs to treat syphilis,
trypanosomiasis, and brucellosis.
heteroantibody
An autoantibody with the ability to cross react with an
antigen of a different species.
heteroantigen
An antigen that induces an immune response in a species
other than the one from which it was derived.
heteroclitic antibody
An antibody with greater affinity for a heterologous epitope
than for the homologous one that stimulated its synthesis.
heterocliticity
The preferential binding by an antibody to an epitope other
than the one that generated synthesis of the antibody.
heteroconjugate
Hybrids of two different antibody molecules.
Cytotoxic T cell
or NK Cell
Covalent bond
Heteroconjugate antibodies.
Tumor cell
(target)
heteroconjugate antibodies
Antibodies against a tumor antigen coupled covalently to an
antibody specific for a natural killer (NK) cell or cytotoxic
T lymphocyte surface antigen. These antibodies facilitate
binding of cytotoxic effector cells to tumor target cells.
Antibodies against effector cell surface markers may also
be coupled covalently with hormones that bind to receptors
on tumor cells. Hybrids of two different antibody molecules.
heterocytotropic antibody
An antibody that has a greater affinity when fixed to mast
cells of a species other than the one in which the antibody
is produced. Frequently assayed by skin-fixing ability, as
revealed through the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis test.
Interaction with the antigen for which these “fixed” antibodies
are specific may lead to local heterocytotrophic anaphylaxis.
heterodimer
A molecule comprised of two components that are different
but closely joined structures, such as a protein comprised of
two separate chains. Examples include the T cell receptor
comprised of either α and β chains or γ and δ chains and
class I along with class II histocompatibility molecules.
heterogeneic
Refer to xenogeneic.
heterogeneous nuclear ribonuleoprotein
(9RA-33) autoantibodies
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) autoantibodies
are associated mainly with rheumatoid arthritis
(RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and mixed
connective tissue disease (MCTD) and less often with other
connective tissue diseases. The role of these autoantibodies
in the pathogenesis of the diseases cited is unknown. RA-33
autoantibodies have been correlated with severe erosive
arthritis in lupus patients. They appear early in the course
of the disease, thus rendering them valuable in the diagnosis
of early RA, especially rheumatoid factor (RF-negative
RA). Both enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and immunoblotting
techniques have been used to detect these antibodies.
heterogenetic antibody
Refer to heterophile antibody.
heterogenetic antigen
Refer to heterophile antigen.
heterograft
Refer to xenograft.
heterokaryon
The formation of a hybrid cell by fusion of two or more
separate cells that are not genetically identical, leading to a
cell with two nuclei and a single cytoplasm. Cell fusion may
be accomplished through the use of polyethylene glycol or
ultraviolet light-inactivated Sendai virus.
heterologous
In transplantation biology, refers to an organ or tissue transplant
from one species to a recipient belonging to another
species (i.e., a xenogeneic graft). It also refers to a material
from a foreign source.
heterologous antigen
A cross reacting antigen.
heterologous vaccine
A vaccine that induces protective immunity against
pathogenic microorganisms that it does not contain. The
microorganisms present in the heterologous vaccine possess
antigens that cross react with those of the pathogenic agent
absent from the vaccine. Measles vaccine can stimulate protection
against canine distemper. Vaccinia virus was used in
the past to induce immunity against smallpox because the
agents of vaccinia and variola share antigens in common.
heterophile antibody
An antibody found in an animal of one species that can
react with erythrocytes of a different and phylogenetically
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