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HALV (human AIDS–lymphotrophic virus) 309 hapten
HALV (human AIDS–lymphotrophic virus)
A designation proposed to replace Montagnier’s LAV and
Gallo’s HTLV-III designations for the AIDS virus; the HIV
designation for human immunodeficiency virus was subsequently
chosen instead.
HAM
HTLV-1-associated myelopathy.
HAM-1 and HAM-2
Histocompatibility antigen modifier. Two murine genes that
determine formation of permeases that are antigen transporters
(oligopeptides) from the cytoplasm to a membranebound
compartment where antigen complexes with major
histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II
molecules. In humans, the equivalents of HAM-1 and -2 are
referred to as ATP-binding cassette transporters.
HAM test
Refer to paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobulinuria (PNH).
HAMA
Human anti-mouse antibody. A group of murine monoclonal
antibodies administered to selected cancer patients in
research treatment protocols stimulates synthesis of antimouse
antibodies in the recipients. The murine monoclonal
antibodies are specific for human tumor cell epitopes. The
anti-mouse response affects the continued administration of
the monoclonal antibody preparation. The hypersensitivity
induced can be expressed as anaphylaxis, subacute allergic
reaction, delayed-type hypersensitivity, rash, urticaria,
flu-like symptoms, gastrointestinal disorders, dyspnea,
hypotension, and renal failure.
Hand-mirror cell.
hand-mirror cell
A lymphocyte in which the nucleus represents the mirror and
the cytoplasm has extended into a uropod that resembles the
handle of a mirror. Cells with this morphology may be found
in both benign and neoplastic hematopoietic conditions. They
may represent immature T lymphocytes, large granular lymphocytes
such as natural killer cells, or atypical lymphocytes
such as those seen in infectious mononucleosis. However,
hand-mirror cells are most frequently found in acute lymphocytic
leukemia of FAB L1 or L2 subtypes. They may also be
seen in cases of multiple myeloma, lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin
disease, acute myelogenous leukemia of the FAB M5a
subtype, and acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Handmirror
cells in lymphocytic leukemia may be associated with
defective immune function.
Hand–Schuller–Christian disease
A macrophage lineage neoplasm (histiocytosis X) that
mainly affects bone.
HANE (hereditary angioneurotic edema)
A condition induced by C1q esterase inhibitor (C1q-INH)
deficiency in which immune complexes induce uptake of
activated C1, C4, and C2. This may be activated by trauma,
cold, vibration, or other physical stimuli, histamine release, or
menstruation. HANE induces nonpitting swelling that is neither
pruritic nor urticarial and reaches a peak within 12 to 18
hours. It occurs on the face, extremities, toes, fingers, elbows,
knees, gastrointestinal mucosa, and oral pharynx. It can produce
edema of the epiglottis, which is fatal in approximately
one third of the cases. Patients may have nausea and abdominal
pain with vomiting. Four types have been described, two
of which are congenital. In type I, which accounts for 85%
of cases, C1q-INH is diminished to 30% of normal. In the
type II variant, the product of the gene is present but does not
function properly; type II may be acquired or autoimmune.
The acquired type is associated with certain lymphoproliferative
disorders such as Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia, IgA
myeloma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and other types of
B cell proliferation. The autoimmune type is linked to IgG 1
autoantibodies. C1s activation is unregulated.
Hanganitziu–Deicher antigen
An altered ganglioside present in certain human neoplasms
(CD3, GM 1, and terminal 4NAcNeu).
haploid
A single copy of each autosome and one sex chromosome
constitutes one set of unpaired chromosomes in a nucleus.
The term may also refer to a cell containing this number
of chromosomes.
AC
(25%)
A B C D
AD
(25%)
haploidentical transplant
The sharing of one HLA haplotype between donor and
recipient who differ in the second HLA haplotype.
haplotype
Phenotypic characteristic encoded by closely linked genes
on one chromosome inherited from one parent. Each individual
inherits two haplotypes, one from each parent. The
term frequently describes several major histocompatibility
complex (MHC) alleles on a single chromosome. Selected
haplotypes are in strong linkage disequilibrium between
alleles of different loci. According to Mendelian genetics,
25% of siblings share both haplotypes.
hapten
A relatively small molecule that alone is unable to elicit
an immune response when injected into an animal but is
capable of reacting in vitro with an antibody specific for it.
X
BC
(25%)
BD
(25%)
Each set of alleles is referred to as a haplotype.
H