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granulomatous hepatitis 304 Guillain–Barré syndrome
hyperactivated macrophages that fuse together to isolate a
persistent pathogenic microorganism or nondegradable foreign
body. It also contains CD4 + and CD8 + T lymphocytes.
Its production is dependent on TNF synthesized by activated
T H1 effector lymphocytes. The cells form microscopic
masses of mononuclear cells. Giant cells form from some of
these fused cells. Granulomas may be of the foreign body
type, such as those surrounding silica or carbon particles,
or of the immune type, which encircle particulate antigens
derived from microorganisms. Activated macrophages trap
antigen, which may cause T cells to release lymphokines,
causing more macrophages to accumulate. This process
isolates the microorganism. Granulomas appear in cases
of tuberculosis and develop under the influence of helper
T cells that react against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Some macrophages and epithelioid cells fuse to form multinucleated
giant cells in immune granulomas. Neutrophils
and eosinophils may also be present occasionally. Necrosis
may develop. It is a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction
that persists as a consequence of the continuous presence of
foreign body or infection.
granulomatous hepatitis
Granulomatous inflammation of the liver.
granulopoietin
A 45-kDa glycoprotein produced by monocytes that governs
granulocyte formation in the bone marrow. Also called
colony-stimulating factor.
granulysin
A cytotoxic T cell granule protein capable of perturbing a
membrane, as when perforin leads to pore formation in a
target cell membrane.
granzymes
Serine esterases released from large granular lymphocyte
(LGL) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) granules that
contribute to fatal injuries of target cells subjected to the
cytotoxic action of perforin. Antigranzyme antibodies
inhibit target cell lysis. Serine esterase enzymes are present
in the granules of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural
killer (NK) cells. Also called fragmentins.
Graves’ disease (hyperthyroidism)
Thyroid gland hyperplasia with increased thyroid hormone
(thyroxine) secretion that produces signs and symptoms of
hyperthyroidism. Patients may develop immunoglobulin G
(IgG) autoantibodies against thyroid-stimulating hormone
(TSH) receptors. This autoantibody is termed long-acting
thyroid stimulator (LATS). When the LATS IgG antibody
binds to the TSH receptor, it has a stimulatory effect on
thyroid-promoting hyperactivity. This IgG autoantibody can
cross the placenta and produce transient hyperthyroidism in
a newborn infant. The disease has a female predominance.
gravity and immunity
Space flight has been associated with the development of
neutrophilia, slight T cell lymphopenia, and diminished
blastogenic responsiveness of T cells in post-flight blood
samples. Eosinophilia has been noted. Lymphopenia has
been marked by decreased numbers of T cells and natural
killer (NK) cells. Changes have also been observed in
post-flight concentrations of immunoglobulins, complement
components, lysozyme, interferon, and α 2-macroglobulin.
There is a modest depression in cell-mediated immunity
after both short and long space flights. Human NK cells
diminish and reveal decreased cytotoxic activity after both
long and short flights. Delayed-type dermal hypersensitivity
(DTH) reactions decrease or even disappear during
prolonged residence in space. Immunoglobulin A (IgA)
and IgM have risen, but IgG has remained constant during
long space flights. No defects in humoral immunity have
been noted. Interleukin-2 (IL2) and interferon synthesis by
lymphocytes has decreased significantly in both human and
rodents after long flights.
gross cystic disease fluid protein 15 (GCDFP-15) antigen
A 15-kDa glycoprotein that is demonstrable with immunoperoxidase
staining and expressed by primary and
metastatic breast carcinomas with apocrine features and
extramammary Paget’s disease. Normal apocrine sweat
glands, eccrine glands (variable), minor salivary glands,
bronchial glands, metaplastic breast epithelium, benign
sweat gland tumors of skin, and submandibular serous cells
express GCDFP-15 antigen.
group agglutination
In the serologic classification of microorganisms, the
identification of group-specific antigens rather than speciesspecific
antigens by the antibody used for serotyping.
growth factors
Messenger molecules synthesized by leukocytes and
nonleukocytes, inducibly or constitutively, rather than by
glands. They may induce or sustain proliferation of multiple
cell types. Cytokines that facilitate the growth and proliferation
of cells. Examples include platelet-derived growth
factor, erythropoietin, interleukin-2 (T cell growth factor),
and many others.
Max von Grüber.
Grüber, Max von (1853–1927)
Professor of hygiene at Vienna and Munich, who studied
bacterial agglutination by the blood in collaboration with
Herbert Durham, a graduate student from England.
guanine–nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs)
Proteins that can disengage bound guanosine diphosphate
(GDP) from small G proteins. This permits guanosine
triphosphate (GTP) to bind and activate the G protein.
Guillain–Barré syndrome
An autoimmune disease due to interaction of autoantibody
with peripheral nerve antigens. It is a type of idiopathic