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granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor 303 granuloma
of polymorphonuclear neutrophils to replace those spent by
inflammatory processes.
granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor
(GM-CSF)
A cytokine that participates in the growth and differentiation
of myeloid and monocytic lineage cells including
dendritic cells, monocytes, macrophages, and granulocyte
lineage cells.
granulocyte–monocyte colony-stimulating factor
A cytokine synthesized by activated T lymphocytes,
macrophages, stromal fibroblasts, and endothelial cells that
leads to increased production of neutrophils and monocytes
in the bone marrow. GM-CSF also activates macrophages
s
s
COOH
The G-CSF receptor composed of an immunoglobulin domain, a
hematopoietin domain, and three fibronectin III domains. The two forms
of the human receptor are the 25.1 form that has a C kinase phosphorylation
site and a second form in which the transmembrane region has
been deleted. The mouse receptor that shares 62.5% homology with the
human receptor is similar to the 25.1 form. The human G-CSF receptor
has 46.3% sequence homology with IL5 receptor’s gp130 chain. The
hematopoietin domain contains the binding site for G-CSF, yet proliferative
signal transduction requires the membrane proximal 57 amino acids.
Acute phase protein induction mediated by G-CSF involves residues 57 to
96. G-CSF receptors are found on neutrophils, platelets, myeloid leukemia
cells, endothelium, and placenta. The human form contains nine potential
N-linked glycosylation sites. It is believed that the receptor binds and
mediates autophosphorylation of JAK-2 kinase.
and facilitates the differentiation of Langerhans’ cells into
mature dendritic cells.
granulocytes
Leukocytes of the myeloid series with irregularly shaped,
multilobed nuclei with large intracellular granules that
contain hydrolytic enzymes capable of destroying microorganisms.
The term refers to the three types of polymorphonuclear
leukocytes that differ mainly in the staining
properties of their cytoplasmic granules. The three types are
classified as neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. They are
all mature myeloid-series cells and have different functions.
Granulocytes constitute 58 to 71% of the leukocytes in the
blood circulation. Refer to the individual cells for details.
granulocyte-specific antinuclear antibodies
Autoantibodies that react with the nuclei of neutrophils
to produce a homogeneous staining pattern by immunofluorescence.
They do not react with Hep-2 cells or liver
substrates. These antibodies are claimed to be present in
patients with active rheumatoid arthritis with vasculitis and/
or neutropenia and in 17% of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
patients. Granulocyte-specific antinuclear antibodies may
be correlated with erosive joint disease.
granulocyte-specific antinuclear autoantibodies (GS-ANAs)
Specific antinuclear autoantibodies that react with neutrophil
nuclei or cytoplasm in a homogeneous pattern but not
with other substrates used for ANA detection. The exact
histone target antigens of GS-ANAs remain to be determined.
GS-ANAs are found in the sera of patients with
active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and with vasculitis and/or
neutropenia in frequencies approaching 75%, and in 90% of
Felty’s syndrome. They are found in only 41% of effectively
managed RA patients and in 17% of juvenile rheumatoid
arthritis. GS-ANAs correlate well with erosive joint
disease. They can be demonstrated in five immunoglobulin
isotypes with mostly immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM in
RA and Felty’s syndrome. Indirect immunofluorescence is
the preferred method of detection.
granulocytopenia
An abnormally low number of blood granulocytes.
Lymphocyte
Macrophage
Epithelioid
cell
APC
Granuloma forms
Giant cell
Interleukin
2
Fibroblast
Granuloma.
INF γ
T helper
TNF
granuloma
A tissue reaction characterized by altered macrophages
(epithelioid cells), lymphocytes, and fibroblasts caused by
T
Monocyte
G