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GM 1 autoantibodies 297 gold therapy
Gm
IgG
Locations of Gm marker specificities on the Fc region of an IgG molecule.
a substitution at position 214 of C H1 of arginine yields
the G 1m(4) allotype, and a substitution at this same site of
lysine yields G 1m(17). For Gm expression, the light chain
part of the molecule must be intact.
GM 1 autoantibodies
A principal sialic acid-containing glycolipid enriched
in peripheral and central nervous system myelin (i.e.,
Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes). It participates in the
recognition of cells, compaction of myelin, signal transduction,
and chemokine binding. Autoantibodies are specific
for the terminal sialic acid and/or the galactosyl (β1–3)
N-acetylgalactosamine epitope of GM 1. GM 1 antibodies are
present in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Guillain–
Barré syndrome (GBS), and other motor neuron diseases
(MNDs) including chronic inflammatory demyelinating
polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) and multifocal motor neuropathy
(MMN). Sensorimotor neuropathies with plasma
cell dyscrasia (monoclonal gammopathy) are associated
with IgM GM 1 paraproteins at frequencies of 50 to 60%.
Acute peripheral neuropathy patients may demonstrate
IgG GM 1 antibodies, especially following infection with
Campylobacter jejuni. There may be molecular mimicry
between gangliosides and bacterial lipopolysaccharides
(LPSs). Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) detection of GM 1 antibody
reveals 50% sensitivity and 80% specificity for motor
neuron diseases. These antibodies may also be associated
with systemic infections and autoimmune diseases with
neurologic involvement.
GM-CSF
Abbreviation for granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating
factor. A growth factor for hematopoietic cells that
is synthesized by lymphocytes, monocytes, fibroblasts, and
endothelial cells. It has been prepared in recombinant form
to stimulate production of leukocytes in patients with AIDS
and to initiate hematopoiesis following chemotherapy of
bone marrow recipients. Patients with anemia and malignant
neoplasms may also derive benefit from GM-CSF
administration. It is a cytokine that induces the proliferation,
differentiation, and functional activation of hematopoietic
cells and has an established role in clinical medicine.
GM-CSF is produced by T lymphocytes, macrophages,
fibroblasts, and endothelial cells that have been stimulated
by antigen, lectin, interleukin-1 (IL-1), lipopolysaccharide,
tumor necrosis factor α, and phorbol ester. Human
and mouse GM-CSFs contain 124 and 127 amino acids,
respectively. The mature protein is preceded by a 17-aminoacid
leader sequence. GM-CSF has been shown by x-ray
crystallography to combine a two-stranded anti-parallel
β sheet with an open bundle of four α helices. A single
copy of 2.5 kb contains four exons and three introns. In
the mouse, it has been mapped to chromosome 11, and in
the human to the long arm of chromosome 5. It induces
proliferation and differentiation for granulocyte, monocyte,
and eosinophil progenitors and enhances the function of
mature effector cells. It enhances the function of granulocytes
and macrophages in immune responses. Its biological
effects are mediated through binding to specific cell surface
receptors of low or high affinity on hematopoietic cells. In
vivo, GM-CSF is a potent stimulator of hematopoiesis. Its
administration is usually well tolerated but may be associated
with bone pain and influenza-like symptoms including
fever, flushing, malaise, myalgia, arthralgia, anorexia, and
headache that usually resolve with continued administration.
Higher doses of GM-CSF may lead to capillary leak
syndrome. GM-CSF has been used to support chemotherapy
and to manage cytopenias associated with HIV infection.
Low doses can elevate neutrophil counts. It has been
used as a supportive agent to manage secondary infections
following chemotherapy for AIDS-related non-Hodgkin
lymphoma. GM-CSF has been used following autologous
bone marrow transplantation to reduce neutropenia, the
occurrence of serious infection, and the use of antibiotics.
It has also been used to mobilize peripheral blood
progenitor cells for collection by apheresis and subsequent
transplantation.
Gm marker
Refer to Gm allotype.
gnotobiotic
An animal or environment in which all the microorganisms
are known. A germ-free animal or an animal contaminated
with one microorganism may be considered gnotobiotic.
In addition to animal models, the so-called “bubble boy”
who suffered severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)
survived for 8 years in a plastic bubble that enclosed his
gnotobiotic, germ-free environment.
goblet cells
Cells of the intestinal epithelium that produce mucus, which
facilitates mucosal immunity.
gold compounds
Gold suppresses or prevents, but does not cure, arthritis
and synovitis. It is taken up by macrophages, leading to
inhibition of phagocytosis and possibly lysosomal enzyme
activity. It diminishes concentrations of rheumatoid factor
and immunoglobulins. Its exact mode of action in RA is
unknown. It may diminish synovial inflammation and
retard cartilage and bone destruction. Its therapeutic effects
occur slowly.
gold therapy
A treatment for arthritis that inhibits oxidative degradation
of membrane proteins and lipids and counteracts singlet
oxygen produced as free radicals. It is administered in such
forms as aurothioglucose and gold sodium thiomalate. Gold
may induce such gastrointestinal symptoms as nausea and
vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain and such renal
symptoms as nephrotic syndrome and proteinuria, as well
as skin rashes, hepatitis, or blood dyscrasias. Renal biopsy
may reveal IgG and C3 in a “moth-eaten” pattern in the
glomerular basement membrane, as well as “feathery crystals”
in the renal tubules.
G