Untitled - D Ank Unlimited

etanercept (injection) 256 exon
for these markers, whereas stromal cells remain unstained.
This method is claimed by some to be superior to cytosol
assays in evaluating the clinical response to hormones.
etanercept (injection)
Binds specifically to TNF, inhibiting its interaction with
cell surface TNF receptors. TNF is a naturally occurring
cytokine involved in inflammatory and immune responses,
and plays a significant role in the inflammatory processes of
rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, and anklyosing
spondylitis along with the resulting joint pathology.
A dimeric fusion protein comprised of human IgG 1 constant
regions (CH 2, CH 3, and hinge, but not CH 1) fused with the
TNF receptor. A soluble form of the p75 TNF receptor that
can anchor to two TNF molecules. It blocks the binding
of both TNF α and TNF β to cell surface TNF receptors,
rendering TNF biologically inactive and inhibiting TNFα-mediated
inflammation. Etanercept can also modulate
biological responses induced or regulated by TNF including
adhesion molecule expression and serum levels of cytokines.
It is used for adult rheumatoid arthritis, polyarticularcourse
juvenile RA, and psoriatic arthritis.
euglobulin
A type of globulin that is insoluble in water but dissolves in
salt solutions. In the past, it was used to designate the part
of serum protein that could be precipitated by 33% saturated
ammonium sulfate at 4˚C or by 14.2% sodium sulfate
at room temperature. Euglobulin is precipitated from the
serum proteins at low ionic strength.
eukaryote
A cell or organism with a real nucleus containing chromosomes
encircled by a nuclear membrane.
evasion strategies
Methods imposed by a pathogen to circumvent or compromise
a host’s immune response.
everolimus
A proliferation-signal inhibitor that is useful in diminishing
rejection in cardiac allotransplantation.
EVI antibodies
Found in Chagas’ disease, autoantibodies to endocardium,
vascular structures, and interstitial of striated muscles. The
target is laminin but the relevance is in doubt, because other
diseases produce antilaminin antibodies that do not produce
the unique pathology seen in Chagas’ disease.
exchange transfusion
Replacement of the entire blood volume of a patient with
donor blood. This is done to remove toxic substances such
as those formed in kernicterus in infants with erythroblastosis
fetalis or to remove anti-Rh antibodies causing
hemolytic disease of a newborn.
excitation filter
A filter in a fluorescent microscope that permits only light of a
specific excitation wavelength (e.g., ultraviolet) to pass through.
exercise and immunity
Exercise leads to altered distribution and function of
immunocompetent cells. This is related in part to changes
in hormone release, blood flow distribution, and other factors
that affect immune system function. Vigorous exercise
leads to immediate leukocytosis. Exercise-induced immunosuppression
or immunoenhancement may affect disease
risk. Absolute numbers of CD3 + , CD8 + , and CD16 + /C56
(natural killer, NK) cells increase after exercise, and B lymphocytes
also rise with acute exercise, but these increases
return to pre-exercise levels within a few hours following
cessation of exercise. The CD4 + /CD8 + lymphocyte helper/
suppressor ratio diminishes soon after exercise, attributable
to increased CD8 counts. Acute exercise is followed by
increase in the concentration and in vitro cytolytic activity
of CD16 + /CD56 + cells, but exhaustive exercise leads to a
decrease in the cytolytic activity of NK cells. Exercise also
leads to cytokine release, such as the elevation of interleukin-6
(IL6) but not IL1. After exercise, TNF-γ and granulocyte–macrophage
colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)
are essentially undetectable. IL2 levels also decrease
following exercise. Increased urinary concentrations of
IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL6 have been demonstrated following
long distance running. Exercise has little functional impact
on immune effector cells. The response of lymphocytes
to T cell mitogens such as phytohemagglutinin (PHA)
and concanavalin A (con A) is diminished immediately
after exercise but returns to normal within 24 hours. The
proliferative response to B cell mitogens such as lipopolysaccharide
(LPS) and mixed T and B cell mitogens such
as PWM increases following exercise. Antibody synthesis
is not much affected by limited exercise. Immunoglobulin
G (IgG), IgM, and IgA levels, as well as the ability to synthesize
antibody to tetanus toxoid antigen, are not compromised
by exercise. Exercise prior to exposure to infection
diminishes morbidity or mortality, yet exercise during an
infection produces the reverse effect. Prolonged intense
exercise is followed by some immunosuppression. The
immune parameters altered by physical exercise are related
to the neuroendocrine changes such as those that occur in
response to physical or psychological stress.
exercise-induced asthma
An attack of asthma brought on by exercise.
exoantigen
Released antigen.
exocytosis
The release of intracellular vesicle contents to the exterior of
a cell. The vesicles make their way to the plasma membrane,
with which they fuse to permit the contents to be released to
the external environment. Examples include immunoglobulin
released from plasma cells and mast cell degranulation,
which releases histamine and other pharmacological mediators
of anaphylaxis to the exterior of the cell. Cytokines may
also be released from cells of this process.
exogenous
Externally caused rather than resulting from conditions
within the organism; derived externally.
exogenous antigen
An epitope that occurs outside the host’s body, such as a
bacterial toxin.
exogenous antigen processing and presentation
Epitopes that originate outside the animal body are taken
up by antigen-presenting cells, degraded via the endocytic
pathway and bound to MHC class II molecules in an
endolysosomal vesicle. This is followed by exhibition of
the peptide-MHC class II complex at the cell surface. This
pathway is confined almost exclusively to antigen-presenting
cells.
exon
That segment of a strand of DNA responsible for coding.
This continuous DNA sequence in a gene encodes
the amino acid sequence of the gene product. Exons are