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eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) 251 eotaxin
(BALF) of selected patients with asthma. ECA induces
early atopic dermatitis lesions and is induced by transepidermal
permeation of mite allergen. Eosinophils also participate
in renal and liver allograft rejection, as reflected by
eosinophil cationic protein assays. Eosinophil major basic
protein interacts with interleukin-1 (IL1) and transforming
growth factor β (TGF-β) to upregulate lung fibroblasts
to synthesize IL6 cytokine. When stimulated by C5a,
eosinophils produce increased levels of H 2O 2, as assayed by
chemiluminescence (CL). Eosinophil activation may also
be assayed by flow cytometry. Defective adherence and the
migration of neutrophils can be a cause of increased susceptibility
to bacterial infection in neonates. The chemotactic
cytokine, neutrophil-activating ENA-78 is a proinflammatory
polypeptide that shares sequence similarity with IL8
and GRO-α. ENA-78 is a powerful upregulator of MAC-1
cell-surface expression. It is found in cystic fibrosis lung,
and its mRNA levels are elevated in human pulmonary
inflammation. Flow cytometry and nitroblue tetrazolium
reduction can be used to access neutrophil activation.
eosinophil cationic protein (ECP)
An eosinophil, granule, basic, single-chain, zinc-containing
protein that manifests cytotoxic, helminthotoxic, ribonuclease,
and bactericidal properties. ECP, major basic protein
(MBP), eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN), and eosinophil
peroxidase (EPO) are the four main eosinophil granule
proteins. ECP and MBP induce the release of preformed
histamine and synthesis of vasoactive and proinflammatory
mediators (PGD 2) from activated human heart mast cells.
Acute graft rejection and atopic dermatitis patients manifest
provated ECP, whereas systemic sclerosis patients develop
increased serum levels of MBP. MBP can act as a cell
stimulant and as a toxin. ECP, EPO, EDN, and MBP are
versatile in their biological activities that include the capacity
to activate other cells including basophils, neutrophils,
and platelets. Both enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and flow
cytometry have been used to assay intracellular eosinophil
proteins in eosinophils from bone marrow and peripheral
blood.
eosinophil chemotactic factor
Mast cell granule peptides that induce eosinophil chemotaxis.
These include two tetrapeptides: Val–Gly–Ser–Glu and Ala–
Gly–Ser–Glu. Histamine also induces eosinophil chemotaxis.
eosinophil differentiation factor (EDF)
A 20-kDa cytokine synthesized by some activated CD4 +
T lymphocytes and byb-activated mast cells. Formerly it
was called T cell replacing factor or B cell growth factor
II. It facilitates B cell growth and differentiation into cells
that secrete immunoglobulin A (IgA). It is a costimulator
with interleukin-2 (IL2) and IL4 of B cell growth and
differentiation. IL5 also stimulates eosinophil growth and
differentiation. It activates mature eosinophils to render
them capable of killing helminths. Through IL5, T lymphocytes
exert regulatory effects on inflammation mediated by
eosinophils. Because of its action in promoting eosinophil
differentiation, it has been called eosinophil differentiation
factor (EDF). IL5 can facilitate B cell differentiation into
plaque-forming cells of IgM and IgG classes. In parasitic
diseases, IL5 leads to eosinophilia.
eosinophil granule major basic protein (EGMBP)
A polypeptide rich in arginine released from eosinophil
granules. It is a powerful toxin for helminths and selected
mammalian cells and plays a significant role in latephase
reactions in allergy and asthma and in late-phase
skin reactions to allergens such as dust mites. EGMBP
is believed to be significant in endomyocardial injury
inducted by cardiac localization of eosinophil granule
proteins. Interleukin-3 (IL3), granulocyte–macrophage
colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and IL5 are
eosinophilopoietic cytokines that activate eosinophils and
facilitate their survival. These cytokines enhance eosinophil
activation in the airways of patients with bronchial
asthma which leads to epithelial injury. IFN-α inhibits
the release of EGMBP in hypereosinophilic syndrome
patients. Immunohistochemistry is used to measure
EGMBP from eosinophils infiltrating skin lesions of
atopic dermatitis.
eosinophilia
Elevated number of eosinophils in the blood. It occurs in
immediate, type I hypersensitivity reactions, including
anaphylaxis and atopy, and is observed in patients with
parasitic infestations, especially by nematodes.
eosinophilic granuloma
A subtype of a macrophage lineage (histiocytosis X) tumor
that contains eosinophils, especially in bone.
eosinophilic myalgia syndrome (EMA)
An intoxication syndrome observed in persons in the
United States that appeared to be linked to the consumption
of l-tryptophan, proposed by some health advocates as an
effective treatment for various disorders such as insomnia,
premenstrual syndrome, etc. It was associated with a
strain of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens employed to produce
tryptophan commercially. The inducing agent was apparently
an altered amino acid, DTAA (ditryptophan aminal
acetaldehyde), a contaminant introduced during manufacture.
Clinical manifestations of the syndrome included
arthralgia, myopathy, angioedema, alopecia, mobiliform
rash, oral ulcers, sclerodermoid lesions, restricted lung
disease, fever, lymphadenopathy, and dyspnea, among
other features, accompanied by a significant eosinophilia.
Interleukin-5 (IL5) was believed to have a role in injury to
tissues. Histopathologic examination revealed arteriolitis
and sclerosing skin lesions.
eotaxin
A β chemokine family (CC) purified from bronchoalveolar
lavage fluid proteins. It has 53% homology with human
monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), 44% with
guinea pig MCP-1, 31% with human MIP-1α, and 26%
with human RANTES. It is induced locally following
transplantation of interleukin-4 (IL4)-secreting tumor cells,
suggesting that it may contribute to eosinophil recruitment
and antitumor activity of IL4. It has a known human
homolog. Eotaxin is expressed by mouse endothelial cells,
alveolar macrophages, lung, intestine, stomach, heart,
thymus, spleen, liver, testes, and kidney; the target cells
are eosinophils. It is constitutively expressed in guinea pig
lungs. Its level is increased within 30 minutes after challenge
of sensitized guinea pigs with aerosolized antigen
in association with eosinophil infiltration. Eotaxin protein
can induce accumulation of eosinophils but not neutrophils
following intradermal injection. Eotaxin protein administered
to guinea pigs in aerosolized form induces eosinophil
but not neutrophil accumulation in bronchalveolar fluid. It
facilitates chemotaxin eosinophils.
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