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enzyme immunoassay (EIA) 250 eosinophil and neutrophil chemotactic activities
membranes of infected cells and on the host-cell-derived
membrane coats of viral particles. The NV proteins may be
required for viral infectivity. HIV env proteins include gp41
and gp120, which bind to CD4 and chemokine receptors,
respectively, on human T lymphocytes and facilitate fusion
of viral and T cell membranes.
enzyme immunoassay (EIA)
A technique employed to measure immunochemical reactions
based on enzyme catalytic properties. The three
widely used techniques include a heterogeneous EIA
technique, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA),
and two homogeneous techniques: enzyme-multiplied
immunoassay technique (EMIT) and cloned enzyme donor
immunoassay (CEDIA).
enzyme labeling
A method such as the immunoperoxidase technique that
permits detection of antigens or antibodies in tissue sections
by chemically conjugating them to an enzyme. By
then staining the preparation for the enzyme, antigen or
antibody molecules can be located. Refer to immunoperoxidase
method.
Anticytokine
antibody-coated well
Addition of enzyme-conjugated
anticytokine antibody
development with substrate
Protein Antibody
Unoccupied sites blocked
with protein
Addition of cytokine
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
A binder-ligand immunoassay that employs an enzyme
linked to either anti-immunoglobulin or antibody specific
for antigen and detects either antibody or antigen. This
method is based on the sandwich or double-layer technique
in which an enzyme rather than a fluorochrome is used as
the label. Antibody is attached to the plastic tube, well, or
bead surface to which the antigen-containing test sample is
added. If antibody is sought in the test sample, the antigen
should be attached to the plastic surface. Following antigen–antibody
interaction, the enzyme–anti-immunoglobulin
conjugate is added. The ELISA test is read by incubating
the reactants with an appropriate substrate to yield a colored
product that is measured in a spectrophotometer. Alkaline
phosphatase and horseradish peroxidase enzymes are often
employed. ELISA methods have replaced many radioimmunoassays
because of the lower cost and safety, speed, and
simplicity to perform.
enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT)
An immunoassay used to monitor therapeutic drugs such as
antitumor, antiepileptic, antiasthmatic, and metabolites of
cocaine and other agents subject to abuse. It is a one-phase,
competitive enzyme-labeled immunoassay.
enzyme replacement therapy
The treatment of a primary immunodeficiency patient, such as
one with a genetic deficiency of an enzyme, with a stabilized
form of the missing enzyme sufficient to ameliorate disease.
Eosinophil in peripheral blood.
16 µm.
Eosinophil with segmented nucleus.
eosinophil
A polymorphonuclear leukocyte identified in Wright- or
Giemsa-stained preparations by staining of secondary granules
in the leukocyte cytoplasm as brilliant reddish-orange
refractile granules. Cationic peptides are released from
these secondary granules when an eosinophil interacts with
a target cell and may lead to death of the target. Eosinophils
make up 2 to 5% of the total white blood cells in humans.
After a brief residence in the circulation, eosinophils
migrate into tissues by passing between the lining endothelial
cells. They are not believed to return to circulation. The
distribution corresponds mainly to areas exposed to the
external environment, such as skin, mucosa of the bronchi,
and gastrointestinal tract. Eosinophils are elevated during
allergic reactions, especially type I immediate hypersensitivity
responses, and are also elevated in individuals with
parasitic infestations.
eosinophil and neutrophil chemotactic activities
Chemotactic factors for eosinophils and neutrophils (ECA
and NCA) are present in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid