Untitled - D Ank Unlimited

endotoxin shock 249 envelope glycoprotein (Env)
endotoxin shock
Circulatory and metabolic collapse following exposure to
excessive quantities of cytokines, especially IL1 and TNF,
introduced into the blood circulation by macrophages following
Gram-negative bacterial infection or their products
such as lipopolysaccharide. Falling blood pressure and
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) following
exposure to relatively large amounts of endotoxin
produced during bacterial sepsis with Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or meningococci. DIC leads to
the formation of thrombi in small blood vessels and such
devastating consequences as bilateral cortical necrosis of
the kidneys and blockage of the blood supply to the brain,
lungs, and adrenals. When DIC affects the adrenal glands,
as in certain meningococcal infections, infarction leads to
adrenal insufficiency and death. This is the Waterhouse–
Friderichsen syndrome. Referred to also as septic shock.
engraftment
The phase during which transplanted bone marrow manufactures
new blood cells.
enhancement
The prolonged survival (or, conversely, the delayed rejection)
of tumor or skin allografts in individuals previously
immunized or conditioned by passive injection of antibody
specific for graft antigens. This is termed immunological
enhancement and is believed to be due to a blocking effect
by the antibody.
enhanceosome
A multiprotein transactivator complex that unites with an
active promoter to initiate or facilitate gene transcription.
Refer to SXY-CIITA regulatory system.
enhancer
A segment of DNA containing a group of DNA-binding
motifs that can elevate the amount of RNA a cell produces.
This DNA sequence activates the beginning of RNA polymerase
II transcription from a promoter. Although initially
described in the SV40 DNA tumor virus, enhancers have
now been demonstrated in the J–C introns of immunoglobulin
μ and κ genes. Immunoglobulin enhancers function
well in B cells, presumably due to precise regulatory
proteins that communicate with the enhancer region.
enhancing antibodies
Blocking antibodies that favor survival of tumor or normal
tissue allografts.
enkephalins
A related group of endogenous opioids that are pentamers
synthesized in the central nervous system and gastrointestinal
tract. They share the initial four amino acids
(H–Tyr–Gly–Gly–Phe).
entactin/nidogen
Glomerular basement membrane antigens that may have
a possible role in glomerular basement membrane nephritis.
Entactin is a 150-kDa glomerular membrane-sulfated
glycoprotein that is probably synthesized by endothelial and
epithelial cells in the developing kidney. It has a role in cellular
adhesion to extracellular material. It is complexed with
laminin in vivo. Nidogen, also a basement membrane constitutent,
is a 150-kDa glycoprotein that has binding affinity for
laminin. Entactin and nidogen closely resemble one another
and may be identical. In one study, serum IgG, IgM, and/or
IgA antibodies specific for entactin/nidogen were found in
more than 40% of patients with glomerulonephritis.
entactin/nidogen autoantibodies
Autoantibodies against entactin, a 150-kDa sulfated
glycoprotein present in the glomerular plasma membrane.
Entactin is believed to be synthesized by endothelial and
epithelial cells in the developing kidney, but in the mature
tissue. It is believed to play a role in cellular adhesion
to extracellular material. Laminin and entactin form a
complex in vivo. Nidogen, another sulfated glycoprotein,
was identified in the basement membrane matrix of EHS
sarcoma. Nidogen is a 150-kDa glycoprotein and, similar
to entactin, reveals an in vitro binding affinity for laminin.
Subsequent investigations have shown nidogen and entactin
to be similar or identical. More than 40% of 206 patients
with glomerulonephritis develop immunoglobulin G (IgG),
IgM, and/or IgA autoantibodies against entactin/nidogen.
Entactin autoantibodies of IgG, IgA, and IgM classes have
been found in the sera of system lupus erythematosus (SLE)
patients, but IgA entactin autoantibodies are found most
frequently in patients with IgA nephropathy.
Entamoeba histolytica antibody
Specific serum antibody that develops in essentially all
individuals infected with E. histolytica. The antibody
responses are composed mainly of immunoglobulin G
(IgG) and to a lesser degree IgA. IgM declines quickly,
whereas specific IgG remains increased for months or
years. Coproantibodies are found in the feces of patients
with amebic dysentery, whereas patients with amebic liver
abscesses have secretory IgA in their saliva and colostrum.
There is little evidence of cellular immunity and granuloma
formation in flemebic dysentery ulcers and in amebic liver
abscesses. E. histolytica trophozoites not only resist normal
human leukocytes but in fact kill them. Interferon γ (IFN-γ)
induced by antigenic stimulation activates macrophages
to kill trophozoites. The organism is potently chemotactic
for neutrophils that are killed on contact with the parasite.
Lytic enzymes released from dead cells induce tissue injury.
IFN-γ- and TNF-α-activated neutrophils are able to kill
trophozoites. There have been conflicting reports of the
relative complement sensitivity of E. histolytica.
enteric neuronal autoantibodies
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) autoantibodies that react strongly
with nuclei and weakly with cytoplasm of enteric nuclei
of myenteric and submucosal plexuses. They develop in
selected patients with the paraneoplastic syndrome marked
by intestinal pseudo-obstruction in association with small
cell lung carcinoma. These autoantibodies are nonreactive
with nuclei of non-neuronal tissue. Myenteric neuronal
autoantibodies are specific for enteric neuronal neurofilaments,
and they can be detected in scleroderma and visceral
neuropathy patients.
enterocytes
Intestinal epithelial cells that actively imbibe nutrients.
They bear Toll-like receptors and synthesize cytokines that
facilitate intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte activation.
enterotoxin
A heat-stable bacterial toxin that causes intestinal injury.
envelope
Phospholipid bilayer that encircles a viral core. For example,
the HIV-1 viral envelope expresses gp41 and gp120.
envelope glycoprotein (Env)
A gene of retroviruses that codes for env envelope glycoprotein
(refer to HIV-1 genes). It is present on the plasma
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