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ENA autoantibodies 246 endocytosis
presently termed U1 snRNPs (small nuclear ribonucleoproteins)
or U1 RNPs, in addition to Sm antibodies that have
specificity for Smith antigen. Sm antibodies are associated
with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), whereas U1
snRNP antibodies in high titer are detected in patients with
mixed connective tissue disease. U4/U6 snRNP antibodies
are detectable in patients with systemic sclerosis.
ENA autoantibodies
Autoantibodies specific for extractable nuclear antigens.
They are small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) and
small cellular ribonucleoproteins (scRNPs). Ul snRNP
autoantibodies bind to RNP proteins A and C. Sm autoantibodies
bind to RNP proteins B′/B, D, and E. scRNP
autoantibodies include SS-A/Ro with specificity for 60- and
52-kDa proteins and SS-B/La with specificity for a 48-kDa
protein.
encapsulated bacteria
The thick carbohydrate coating or capsule that protects
microorganisms such as pneumococci from phagocytosis.
Infection-producing encapsulated bacteria cannot be
effectively phagocytized and destroyed unless they are first
coated with an opsonizing antibody formed in an adaptive
immune response and complement.
encapsulation
The reaction of leukocytes to foreign material that cannot
be phagocytized because of its large size. Multiple layers
of flattened leukocytes form a wall surrounding the foreign
body and isolate it within the tissues. This type of reaction
occurs in invertebrates including annelids, mollusks, and
arthropods. In higher invertebrates, it is mediated by pattern
recognition receptors (PRRs), whereby pathogens too
large to be phagocytized are encircled by numerous phagocytic
cells. Phagocyte reactive oxygen intermediates and
lysosomal enzymes then destroy the encapsulated pathogens.
In vertebrates, macrophages surround the foreign
body, a granuloma is formed, and fibroblasts subsequently
appear. A fibrous capsule is formed.
encephalitogenic factors
Myelin basic protein or related molecules found in the
brain that can induce experimental allergic encephalomyelitis
if administered to experimental animals
together with Freund’s complete adjuvant. The smallest
constituent of myelin that is capable of inducing
experimental encephalomyelitis is a nonapeptide
(Phe–Leu–Trp–Ala–Glu–Gly–Gln–Lys).
end binders
Selected anticarbohydrate-specific antibodies that bind the
ends of oligosaccharide antigens, in contrast to those that
bind the sides of these molecules.
end cell
A cell such as a mature plasma cell at the termination
point in the maturation pattern of that cell line. End cells
do not further divide. They represent the final product of
maturation.
end piece (historical)
In the early complement literature, complement activity in
the pseudoglobulin fraction of serum was called the end
piece, in contrast to the activity in the euglobulin fraction
that was called the mid-piece of complement. Current information
reveals that what was referred to as the end piece
did not contain C1 but did contain all of the C2 and other
complement components.
end point
The greatest dilution of an antibody in solution that will
still yield an identifiable reaction when combined with antigen.
The reciprocal of this dilution represents the titer.
end point immunoassay
A test in which the signal is measured as the antigen–antibody
complex reaches equilibrium.
end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
Chronic renal failure. Approximately one third of cases are
linked to diabetes mellitus. Kidneys of patients on chronic
dialysis ultimately develop ESRD. Proliferation of intravascular
smooth muscle induced by ischemia occurs, and there
may also be venous thrombosis.
John F. Enders.
Enders, John F. (1897–1985)
An American microbiologist who shared the 1954 Nobel
Prize in Medicine with T.H. Weller and F.C. Robbins for
discovering that many viruses (specifically poliomyelitis)
can be grown in tissue culture and thereby studied and
isolated, making possible the production of vaccines.
endocrine
Regulatory molecules such as hormones that reach target cells
from the sites of their synthesis through the bloodstream.
endocytic pathway
Membrane-bound vesicles such as endosomes and endolysosomes
within cells that harbor hydrolytic enzymes and
additional molecules requisite for digestion of internalized
substances. Requisite for processing and presentation of
exogenous antigen.
endocytic vesicle
Membrane structure derived from the plasma membrane
that transports extracellular material into cells.
endocytosis
A mechanism whereby substances are taken into a cell
from the extracellular fluid through plasma membrane
vesicles. This is accomplished by either pinocytosis or