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elephantiasis 245 ENA antibodies
Staphylococcal
Antitoxin
Plasma-agar plate showing
staphylocoagulase effect
inhibited by commercial antitoxin
Elek plate.
to a streak of the microorganisms on the agar plate. Toxin
formation by the growing microbes interacts with antitoxin in
the filter paper to form a line of precipitation.
elephantiasis
Enlargement of extremities by lymphedema caused by lymphatic
obstruction during granulomatous reactivity in filariasis.
elevated IgE, defective chemotaxis, recurrent
infection, and eczema
Individuals with the third disorder may manifest several
bacterial infections, eczema, abscesses, and pneumonia
associated with group A β hemolytic streptococci and
Staphylococcus aureus. They demonstrate normal functions
of both B and T cell limbs of the immune response,
although their IgE levels are strikingly elevated, reaching
values that are tenfold those of normal individuals. Only
chemotactic function is defective, with other parameters of
phagocytic cell function within normal limits. No treatment
other than antibiotic therapy is available.
elicitation
An overactive, abnormal, secondary response to a sensitizing
agent that leads to inflammatory tissue injury. Also
referred to as an effector stage. Refer to hypersensitivity
and types I through IV hypersensitivities.
ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)
Refer to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
ELISPOT assay
A modification of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
(ELISA) that involves the capture of products secreted from
cells placed in contact with antigen or antibody fixed to a
plastic surface. An enzyme-linked antibody is then used
to identify the captured products by cleaving a colorless
substrate to yield a colored spot.
eluate
In immunology, a substance such as an antibody obtained
by physical or chemical treatment of an antigen–antibody
complex. By allowing particulate antigens such as erythrocytes
to interact with antibody followed by heating the
antibody particle or cell complex to 56°C, the antibody can
be dissociated from the particulate antigen and is present in
the eluate.
embryonic antigens
Protein or carbohydrate antigens synthesized during
embryonic and fetal life that are either absent or formed in
only minute quantities in normal adult subjects. Aberrant
expression by a tumor cell can render it a tumor-associated
antigen. α-Fetoproteins (AFPs) and carcinoembryonic antigens
(CEAs) are fetal antigens that may be synthesized once
again in large amounts in individuals with certain tumors.
Their detection and level during the course of the disease
and following surgery to remove a tumor, reducing the substance,
may serve as a diagnostic and prognostic indicator
of the disease process. Blood group antigens, such as iI, that
are reversed in their levels of expression in the fetus and in
the adult may show a re-emergence of i antigen in adults
with thalassemia and hypoplastic anemia. Cold autoagglutinins
specific for i may be found in infectious mononucleosis
patients. Common acute lymphoblastic leukemia
antigen (CD10) is rarely found on peripheral blood cells of
normal subjects, whereas CALLA + cells coexpressing IgM
and CD19 molecules may be found in fetal bone marrow
and peripheral blood samples. CD10 may be expressed in
children with common acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
embryonic stem (ES) cells
Murine embryonic cells that are immortal in culture and
retain the capacity to give rise to all cell lineages. They may
be altered genetically in vitro and introduced into mouse
blastocysts to give rise to mutant murine lines. Genes may be
deleted in ES cells by homologous recombination to produce
mutant ES cells that can give rise to gene knockout mice.
emerging infectious disease
An infection potentially capable of impacting the world population
because it is induced by a pathogenic microorganism
that has recently emerged or is undergoing alteration.
EMF-1
Embryo fibroblast protein-1 is a chemokine of the α (CXC)
family. It has been found in chicken fibroblasts and mononuclear
cells, yet no human or murine homolog is known.
Cultured chick embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) abundantly
express the avian gene 9E3/CEF-4. The EMF-1 gene was
isolated from RSV-transformed CEFs identified by differential
screening of a cDNA library. EMF-1 is characterized
as a chemokine because its sequence resembles that of
CTAP-III and PF4. RSV-infected cells represent the tissue
source. Fibroblasts in mononuclear cells are the target cells.
Expression of EMF-1 together with high collagen levels and
its presence in wounded tissues suggest that it has a role in
wound response and/or repair. EMF-1 is chemotactic for
chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
EMIT
Acronym for enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique.
emperipolesis
The intrusion or penetration of a lymphocyte into the
cytoplasm of another cell followed by passage through the
cell. Emperipolesis also describes the movement of one cell
within the cytoplasm of another cell.
ENA-78 (epithelial-derived neutrophil attractant-78)
A chemokine of the α family (CXC family). ENA-78 is
related to NAP-2, GRO-α, and IL-8. Tissue sources include
epithelial cells and platelets. Neutrophils are the target
cells. ENA-78 is increased in peripheral blood, synovial
fluid, and synovial tissue from rheumatoid arthritis patients.
ENA-78 mRNA levels are elevated in acutely rejecting
human renal allografts compared with renal allografts that
are not being rejected.
ENA antibodies
Antibodies against extractable nuclear antigens. This
category includes antibodies to ribonucleoprotein (RNP),
E