Untitled - D Ank Unlimited

echinoderms 241 ED 50
intestinal mucosa, but some dogs manifest elevated levels
of IgE. IgA, IgE, IgG, and IgM antibodies are synthesized
in intermediate hosts infected with this microorganism.
Immunodiagnosis can be carried out by ELISA in the
definitive host by detecting circulating antibodies specific
for the microorganism. Coproantigens of Echinococcus may
be detected in the feces of infected dogs. The mucosal IgA
produced in dogs has little effect on the worms that have the
capacity to suppress cytotoxic and effector activity in the
region of the scolex. E. granulosus is believed to modulate
the immune system of the intermediate host through
production of cytotoxic substances, immunosuppressive and
immunostimulatory cytokines. Concomitant immunity is
critical in ensuring the survival of E. granulosus in intermediate
hosts. This refers to the capacity of established hydatid
cysts to avoid the immune system of the intermediate host
while inducing an effective immune response against
subsequent infection by this microorganism. Concomitant
immunity is mediated by antibody and is directed against
oncospheres. Killing is induced through an antibody-
dependent, complement-mediated lysis of the parasite.
Starfish.
echinoderms
In the starfish, made famous by Metchinkoff’s studies of
phagocytosis, allograft rejection occurs and is marked by
cellular infiltration. There is a significant specific memory
response. Cytokine-like molecules similar to interleukin-1
(IL1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) have been recognized
in echinoderms and other intervertebrates.
ECHO (enteric cytopathogenic human orphan) virus
Comprised of 30 types within the picornavirus family.
The virus is cytopathic in cell culture and produces such
clinical manifestations in patients as upper respiratory tract
infections, diarrhea, exanthema, viremia, and sometimes
poliomyelitis and viral meningitis.
eclipsed antigen
An antigen, such as one from a parasite, that so closely resembles
host antigens that it fails to stimulate an immune response.
ECRF3
A member of the G protein-coupled receptor family, the
chemokine receptor branch of the rhodopsin family, is
expressed on T cells. The tissue source is herpesvirus
saimiri of the γ-herpesvirus family. In vitro, it facilitates
calcium efflux. Ligands include MGSA/GRO-α, NAP-2,
and IL-8.
ecto-5′-nucleotidase deficiency
A purine metabolism alteration that produces immunodeficiencies
of B lymphocytes.
ectopic
The location of expression of a structure or protein away
from its normal position in the body or tissue.
eczema
A skin lesion characterized as a weeping eruption consisting
of erythema, pruritus with edema, papules, vesicles,
pustules, scaling, and possible exudation. It occurs in individuals
who are atopic, such as those with atopic dermatitis.
Applications to the skin or the ingestion of drugs that may
themselves act as haptens may induce this type of hypersensitivity.
It may be seen in young children who subsequently
develop asthma in later life.
eczema vaccinatum
On occasion, in subjects receiving smallpox vaccination,
the virus in the vaccine superinfected areas of skin affected
by atopic dermatitis. This led to generalized vaccinia that
was severe and frequently fatal. It was also referred to as
Kaposi’s varicelliform eruption.
eczematoid skin reaction
The appearance of erythematous, vesicular, and pruritic lesions
on the skin that resemble eczema but are not due to atopy.
ED 50
The 50% effective dose. For example, 50% hemolysis can
be determined more accurately than can a 100% endpoint.
Gerald Maurice Edelman.
E