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EAE 240 Echinococcus immunity
and complement, encircle human B lymphocytes to form a
rosette. This is based on erythrocyte binding to C3b receptors.
This technique has been used in the past to identify B
lymphocytes. However, phagocytic cells bearing C3b receptors
may also form EAC rosettes. This type of rosette is in
contrast to the E rosette that identifies T lymphocytes. B
lymphocytes are now enumerated by monoclonal antibodies
against the B lymphocyte CD (cluster of differentiation)
markers using flow cytometry.
EAE
Acronym for experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.
EAM
Refer to experimental autoimmune myocarditis.
EAMG
Refer to experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis.
The condition can be induced in more than one species of
animals by immunizing them with purified AchR from
the electric ray (Torpedo californica). The autoantigen,
nicotinic AchR, is T cell-dependent. The in vivo synthesis
of anti-AchR antibodies requires helper T cell activity.
Antibodies specific for the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
(AchRs) of skeletal muscle react with the postsynaptic
membrane at the neuromuscular junction.
early B-cell factor (EBF)
A transcription factor requisite for early B cell development
and for RAG expression.
early induced responses
Nonadaptive host responses induced by infectious agents
early in infection. The inductive phase of these responses
differentiates them from innate immunity, and their failure
to involve clonal selection of antigen-specific lymphocytes
distinguishes them from adaptive immunity.
early phase reaction
A Type I hypersensitivity elicitation response characterized
by the rapid development of clinical symptoms following
the release of preformed inflammatory mediators from mast
cells undergoing degranulation.
early pro-B cell
Refer to pro-B cell.
early signalosome
The initial TCR signal transduction molecular complex
capable of participating in either the immunosome or the
telerosome.
EAT
Abbreviation for experimental autoimmune thyroiditis.
Includes a murine model for Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.
There is a strong major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
genetic component in susceptibility to Hashimoto’s thyroiditis,
which has been shown to reside in the IA subregion
of the murine MHC (H-2), governing the immune response
(Ir) genes to mouse thyroglobulin (MTg). Following induction
of EAT with MTg, autoantibodies against MTg appear
and mononuclear cells infiltrate the thyroid. Repeated
administration of soluble, syngeneic MTg without adjuvant
leads to thyroiditis only in the murine haplotype susceptible
to EAT. Autoreactive T cells proliferate in vitro following
stimulation with MTg. The disease can be passively
transferred to naïve recipients by adoptive immunization
and differentiate into oxytotoxic T lymphocytes (T c) in
vitro. Thus, lymphoid cells rather than antibodies represent
the primary mediator of the disease. In vitro proliferation of
murine-autoreactive T cells have been found to show a good
correlation with susceptibility to EAT and to be dependent
on the presence of Thy-1 + , Lyt-1 + , Ia + , and L3T4 + lymphocytes.
Effector T lymphocytes (T E) in EAT comprise various
T cell subsets and Lyt-1 (L3T4) and Lyt-2 phenotypes.
T lymphocytes cloned from thyroid infiltrates of patients
with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis reveal numerous cytotoxic T
lymphocytes and clones synthesizing interleukin-2 (IL2)
and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). While the T cell subsets participate
in pathogenesis of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, autoantibody
synthesis appears to aid perpetuation of the disease or
result from it.
EAU
Refer to experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis.
EBF (early B cell factor)
A transcription factor requisite for early B cell development
and for recombinase-activating gene (RAG) expression.
EBI1
An orphan chemokine receptor expressed on normal
lymphoid tissues as well as several B and T lymphocyte
cell lines. EBI1 mRNA is detected in Epstein–Barr virus
(EBV)-positive B cell lines. The tissue source is EBVinduced
cDNA. Also termed BLR2.
EBNA (Epstein–Barr virus nuclear antigen)
Refer to Epstein–Barr nuclear antigen.
ECF-A (eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis)
A 500-D acidic polypeptide that attracts eosinophils.
Interaction of antigen with immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody
molecules on the surface of mast cells causes ECF-A
to be released from the mast cells.
E-cadherin (ECH-6), mouse
Anti-E-cadherin mouse monoclonal antibody detects
E-cadherin, an adhesion protein expressed in cells of epithelial
lineage. It stains positively in glandular epithelium and in
adenocarcinomas of the lung, GI tract, and ovary. It has been
useful in distinguishing adenocarcinoma from mesothelioma. It
has also been shown to be positive in some thyroid carcinomas.
Echinococcus immunity
The genus Echinococcus includes four species of tapeworm
parasites, among which is Echinococcus granulosus.
Its cycle of transmission involves interaction between a
definitive host, such as a carnivore, and an intermediate
host (herbivore or omnivore). Each host may reveal two
morphologically distinct parasite stages. Definitive hosts
are infected with the tapeworm stage of Echinococcus.
Immunological methods have been used to diagnose infection
in definitive hosts and to develop a recombinant vaccine
that is highly effective in protecting sheep from hydatid
infection. Ovine hydatid cyst fluid is rich in antigen. The
principal parasite antigens are designated antigen 5 and
antigen B. Antibodies against these are useful in immunodiagnosis
of hydatid infection in humans; 27- and 94-kDA
protein antigens from protoscoleces are recognized by sera
of dogs infected with E. granulosus; 22-, 30-, and 37-kDA
oncosphere antigens are specific for E. granulosus and are
stage-specific for oncospheres. Little is known regarding
cellular responses against E. granulosus infection in dogs,
but T cells and activated macrophages are believed to play a
significant role in cellular immunity against Echinococcus
in intermediate hosts. With respect to the humoral immune
response to infection, dogs form immunoglobulin A
(IgA), IgG, and IgM antibodies against E. granulosus.
IgA antibody against E. granulosus is produced in the