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Doherty, Peter (1940–) 234 dot DAT
Doherty, Peter (1940–)
Recipient with Rolf Zinkernagel of the 1996 Nobel Prize
for physiology or medicine for their demonstration of
major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restriction. In an
investigation of how T lymphocytes protect mice against
lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection,
they found that T cells from mice infected by the virus
killed only infected target cells expressing a different MHC
allele. In the study, murine cytotoxic T cells (CTL) would
only lyse virus-infected target cells that were H-2 compatible.
This significant finding had broad implications, demonstrating
that T cells did not recognize the virus directly
but only in conjunction with MHC molecules. Refer also to
Zinkernagel, Rolf.
domain
A region of a protein or polypeptide chain that is globular
and folded with 40 to 400 amino acid residues. The
domain may have a spatially distinct “signature” that
permits it to interact specifically with receptors or other
proteins. In immunology, domains are the loops in polypeptide
chains that are linked by disulfide bonds on constant
and variable regions of immunoglobulin molecule
light and heavy polypeptide chains or compact T cell
receptor (TCR) chain segments composed of amino acids
around an S–S bond.
dome
A mucosal lymphoid follicle area comprised of dendritic
cells, macrophages, CD4 + T cells, regulatory T cells, and
mature B cells that covers a germinal center.
domesticated mouse
A mouse that has adjusted to a captive existence.
dominant negative transgene
A transgene whose product is a protein that is not functional
and disrupts the endogenous protein’s function or expression.
dominant phenotype
Trait manifested in an individual who is heterozygous at the
gene locus of interest.
Donath–Landsteiner antibody
An immunoglobulin specific for P blood group antigens on
human erythrocytes. This antibody binds to the patient’s
red blood cells at cold temperatures and induces hemolysis
on warming. It occurs in subjects with paroxysmal cold
hemaglobulinemia (PCH). Also called Donath–Landsteiner
cold autoantibody.
Coat with BSA
Dot varying amounts
of Ag on membrane
Wash
Add substrate
donor
An individual who offers whole blood, blood products,
bone marrow, or an organ to be given to another
individual. Individuals who are drug addicts or test
positively for certain diseases such as HIV-1 infection
or hepatitis B, for example, are not suitable as donors.
There are various other reasons for donor rejection not
listed here. To be a blood donor, an individual must meet
certain criteria, including those pertaining to blood pressure,
temperature, hematocrit, pulse, and history. Among
the many reasons for donor rejection are low hematocrit,
skin lesions, recent surgery, drugs, or positive donor
blood tests.
donor cell infusion
The administration of donor bone marrow or hematopoietic
stem cells to the recipient of a solid organ transplant to
establish chimerism and donor cell acceptance.
dopamine neuron autoantibodies
Autoantibodies against dopamine neurons in the substantia
nigra in approximately 78% of cerebrospinal fluid
(CSF) from patients with Parkinson’s disease and in 3% of
normal CSF from subjects with other neurological diseases.
Transplantation of adrenal medulla leads to disappearance
of the autoantibodies.
dot blot
A rapid hybridization method to partially quantify a specific
RNA or DNA fragment found in a specimen without
the need for a Northern or Southern blot. After serially
diluting DNA, it is “spotted” on a nylon or nitrocellulose
membrane and then denatured with NaOH. It is then
exposed to a heat-denatured DNA fragment probe believed
to be complementary to the nucleic acid fragment to be
identified. The probe is labeled with 32 P or 35 S. When the
two strands are complementary, hybridization takes place.
This is detected by autoradiography of the radiolabeled
probe. Enzymatic, nonradioactive labels may also be
employed.
dot DAT
A variation of the Coombs’ test known as a dot blot direct
antiglobulin test. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is fixed on a
solid-phase support or nitrocellulose membrane. The patient’s
erythrocytes are incubated on the membrane. This technique
eliminates subjective interpretation of results, diminishing
the numbers of false positives and false negatives.
Incubate with several
dilutions of labeled Ab
Dot blot.
Determine best
concentrations
of Ag and Ab