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dhobi itch 226 diathelic immunization
antigens. Dextrans of relatively low molecular weight have
been used as plasma expanders.
dhobi itch
Contact (type IV) hypersensitivity induced by using a
laundry-marking ink made from Indian ral tree nuts. It
occurs in subjects sensitized by wearing garments marked
with such ink. It induces a dermatitis at sites of contact
with the ink.
diabetes insipidus
A chronic idiopathic disease due to deficient secretion of
vasopressin from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
Most cases of diabetes insipidus have a genetic basis or
are secondary to recognized conditions that injure or
destroy the hypothalamic neurohypophyseal complex, but
in some cases an autoimmune response may be the cause.
Antibodies have been demonstrated against cells that
secrete vasopressin. The biopsy samples from rare cases
have been consistent with autoimmune injury as reflected
by a lymphocyte–plasma cell infiltrate in the neurohypothysis.
Most serological studies for antibodies to vasopressin
secreting cells have been reported.
diabetes mellitus
A metabolic disorder caused by the body’s failure to synthesize
insulin or the inability of its cells to respond to insulin
normally. Without insulin, glucose is unable to enter cells
and blood sugar levels increase. Characterized by increased
thirst and hunger, emaciation, and weakness. Ketoacidosis
that develops may lead to a diabetic coma.
diabetes mellitus, insulin-dependent (type 1)
In type I (autoimmune) diabetes mellitus, autoantibodies
against islet cells (and insulin) may be identified. Among
the three to six genes governing susceptibility to type I
diabetes are those encoding the major histocompatibility
complex (MHC). Understanding human diabetes has been
greatly facilitated by both immunologic and genetic studies
in experimental animal models, including nonobese
diabetic (NOD) mice and biobreeding (BB) rats. Human
type I diabetes mellitus results from autoimmune injury of
pancreatic β cells. Specific autoantibodies signal pancreatic
β cell destruction. The autoantibodies are against islet cell
cytoplasmic, surface antigens, or insulin. Anti-idiotypic
Capillary
bed
Post capillary
venule
Margination
antibodies may also develop against anti-insulin antibodies,
possibly leading to antibody blockade of insulin receptors
and thereby inducing insulin resistance and β cell exhaustion.
Autoantibodies have also been demonstrated against a
64-kDa third islet cell antigen that may represent a primary
target of autoimmune reactivity in type I diabetes and has
been found in the sera of diabetics before clinical onset of
the disease. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing is also
useful. DNA sequence analysis has revealed that alleles of
HLA-DQ β chain govern diabetes susceptibility and resistance.
The amino acid at position 57 has a critical role in
disease susceptibility and resistance. Although pancreatic
β cells fail to express MHC class II antigens under normal
circumstances, they become Ia MHC class II antigen-positive
following stimulation by interferon γ (IFN-γ) and tumor
necrosis factor (TNF) or lymphotoxin. Pancreatic β cells
that are class II-positive may present islet cell autoantigens
to T lymphocytes, inaugurating an autoimmune response.
Patients at risk for diabetes or prediabetes may benefit
from immunosuppressive therapy such as cyclosporine,
although most are still treated with insulin. Transplantation
of pancreatic islet cells remains a bright possibility in future
treatment strategies.
diacylglycerol (DAG)
A substance formed by the action of phospholipase C-γ
on inositol phospholipids. DAG serves as an intracellular
signaling molecule. It activates cytosolic protein kinase C,
which further propagates the signal.
dialysis
The separation of a solution of molecules that differ in
molecular weight by employing a semipermeable membrane.
Antibody affinity is measured by equilibrium dialysis.
diapedesis
Leukocyte migration from the blood across blood vessel
walls into tissue spaces as a consequence of constriction of
endothelial cells in the wall. Flattened leukocytes squeeze
between the endothelial cells of a post-capillary venule and,
through their membranes, into the tissues.
diathelic immunization
Protective immunity induced by injecting antigen into the
nipple or teat of a mammary gland.
PMN
Diapedesis and margination.
White blood cells
in lumen of venule
Bacteria
Chemotaxin
(e.g., C5a)
Diapedesis