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cytopathic effect (of viruses) 211 cytoskeleton
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions in the lung.
CMV inclusion bodies
Intranuclear
Intracytoplasmic
Cytomegalovirus (CMV).
response to two surface glycoproteins, gB and gH, that are
neutralizing domains. Both cell-mediated and humoral
immunity are insufficient to block reactivation of latent
virus or protect against reinfection from an exogenous
source. CMV upregulates adhesion molecules. CMV pneumonitis
is immunopathologic. CMV is linked to infection
of solid organ grafts and with graft-vs.-host disease after
bone marrow transplants. It causes immunosuppression by
unknown mechanisms. A live attenuated vaccine strain has
no effect on the incidence of CMV infection; a recombinant
gB vaccine is in phase I clinical trials.
cytopathic effect (of viruses)
Injurious effects of viruses on host cells produced by
various biochemical and molecular mechanisms that are
independent of host immunity against the virus. Selected
viruses produce disease even though they have little cytopathic
effect because the immune system recognizes and
destroys the virus-infected cells.
cytophilic antibody
(1) An antibody that attaches to a cell surface through its Fc
region by binding to Fc receptors on the cell surface. For
example, immunoglobulin E (IgE) molecules bind to the
surfaces of mast cells and basophils in this manner. Murine
IgG 1, IgG 2a, and IgG 3 bind to mononuclear phagocytic cell
surface Fc receptors through their Fc regions. IgG 1 and IgG 3
may also attach through their Fc regions to mononuclear
phagocytic cell Fc receptors in humans. Immunoglobulin
molecules that bind to macrophage surfaces through their Fc
regions represent a type of cytophilic antibody. (2) Described
in the 1960s as a globulin fraction of serum adsorbed to
certain cells in vitro in a manner that allows them to specifically
adsorb antigen. Sorkin, in 1963, suggested the possible
significance of cytophilic antibody in anaphylaxis and other
immunologic and/or hypersensitivity reactions.
cytoplasmic antigens
Immunogenic constituents of cell cytoplasm that induce
autoantibody formation in patients with generalized autoimmune
diseases who also manifest antinuclear antibodies
(ANAs). Thus, anticytoplasmic antibodies are included
under the term ANA.
cytosine arabinoside
An antitumor substance that is inactive alone but which,
following intracellular conversion to the nucleoside triphosphate,
acts as a competitive inhibitor with regard to dCPP
of DNA polymerase. It has an immunosuppressive effect
on antibody formation in both the primary and secondary
immune responses and also depresses the generation of cellmediated
immunity.
cytoskeletal antibodies
Antibodies that are specific for cytoskeletal proteins that
include cytokeratins, desmin, actin, titin, vimentin, and tropomyosin.
They have been demonstrated in some patients
with such diseases as autoimmune diseases, chronic active
hepatitis and other liver disease, infection, myasthenia
gravis, and Crohn’s disease. These antibodies are not helpful
in diagnosis.
cytoskeletal autoantibodies
Antibodies specific for cytoskeletal proteins that include
microfilaments (actin), microtubules (tubulin), and intermediate
filaments (acidic and basic keratins, vimentin, desmin,
glial fibrillary acidic protein, peripherin, neurofilaments,
α-internexin, nuclear lamins). They are present in low
titers in a broad spectrum of diseases, including infection,
autoimmune diseases, selected chronic liver diseases, biliary
cirrhosis, Crohn’s disease, myasthenia gravis, and angioimmunoblastic
lymphadenopathy. These antibodies are not
useful for diagnosis.
cytoskeleton
A framework of cytoskeletal filaments present in the cell
cytoplasm. They maintain the internal arrangement, shape,
and motility of the cell. This framework interacts with the
membrane of the cell and with organelles in the cytoplasm.
Microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
constitute the varieties of cytoskeletal filaments. Microtubules
help to determine cell shape by polymerizing and depolymerizing;
they are 24-nm diameter hollow tubes, the walls of
which are comprised of protofilaments that contain α and
C