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cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor 210 cytomegalovirus (CMV) immunity
Cytokine/receptor complex.
Cytokine/receptor complex.
cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor
Refer to interleukin-10.
cytokine upregulation of HIV coreceptors
HIV-1 virus strains use the chemokine receptors, CCR-5,
CXCR-4, or both, to enter cells. Expression of these
chemokine receptors may predetermine susceptibility of
hematopoietic subsets to HIV-1 infection. Certain cytokines
can influence the dynamics of HIV-1 infection by altering
chemokine receptor expression levels on hematopoietic
cells. During chronic HIV-1 infection, proinflammatory
cytokines such as TNF-α and IFN-γ are secreted in excess.
IFN-γ increases cell surface expression of CCR-5 by human
mononuclear phagocytes and of CXCR-4 by primary
hematopoietic cells. In addition, GM-CSF can decrease and
IL10 can increase expression of CCR-5. Further research
into cytokine-mediated regulation of chemokine receptors
may lead to increased understanding of how these receptors
affect the pathogenesis of AIDS.
cytolysin
A substance such as perforin that lyses cells.
cytolytic
An adjective describing the property of disrupting a cell.
cytolytic reaction
Cell destruction produced by antibody and complement or
perforin released from cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs)
Effector T cells that identify and fatally injure target
cells exhibiting foreign peptide complexed to MHC class
I molecules. Cytotoxic cytokines increased in perforin/
granzyme-mediated cytotoxicity represent mechanisms of
target cell death.
cytomegalovirus (CMV)
A herpes (DNA) virus group that is distributed worldwide
and usually is not a problem, except in individuals who
are immunocompromised, such as the recipients of organ
or bone marrow transplants and individuals with acquired
immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Histopathologically,
typical inclusion bodies that resemble an owl’s eye are
found in multiple tissues. CMV is transmitted in the blood.
Two classes of antiviral drugs are used to treat human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and AIDS.
Nucleotide analogs that inhibit reverse transcriptase activity
include azidothymidine (AZT) dideoxyinosine and
dideoxycytidine. These analogs may diminish plasma HIV
RNA levels for considerable periods but often fail to stop
disease progression because of the development of mutated
forms of reverse transcriptase that resist these drugs. Viral
protease inhibitors are now used to block the processing
of precursor proteins into mature viral capsid and core
proteins. Currently, a triple-drug therapy consisting of
protease inhibitors is used to reduce plasma viral RNA to
very low levels in patients treated for more than one year. It
remains to be determined whether resistance to this therapy
will develop. Disadvantages include their great expense
and the complexity of their administration. Antibiotics are
used to treat the many infections to which AIDS patients
are susceptible. Viral resistance to protease inhibitors may
develop after a few days, but resistance to the reverse transcriptase
inhibitor zidovudine may only occur after months
of administration. Three of four mutations in the viral
resistance to zidovudine yet only one mutation can lead to
resistance to protease inhibitors.
cytomegalovirus immune globulin intravenous
(human, injection)
Indicated for prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus disease associated
with transplantation of kidney, lung, liver, pancreas,
and heart. Also used to prevent or attenuate primary CMV
disease in immunosuppressed recipients of organ and bone
marrow transplants.
cytomegalovirus (CMV) immunity
Cytomegalovirus that induces injury only if the host
immune response is impaired, which makes it a significant
pathogen for fetuses, allograft recipients, and individuals
with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Host immune response to CMV is both cell-mediated
and humoral. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes are specific for
viral structural phosphoproteins. Cell-mediated immunity
appears to be the major mechanism that controls CMV replication
in murine CMV; however, natural killer (NK) cells
are also important. Viral proteins induce a limited humoral